IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, A RISE IN THE PLANET EARTH POLLUTION HAS BROUGHT FORWARD A NECESITY FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND DIFFERENT WAYS TO EXPLOIT THEM IN ORDER TO REPLACE COAL, OIL AND GAS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE ENTIRE WORLD IS LOOKING FORWARD TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY BY THE MEANS OF -MAINLY- SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY, BUT ALSO SEARCHING FOR OTHER CLEAN ALTERNATIVES. THIS ELECTRICITY MAY BE USED TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE INTO AND OUT OF THE CITIES, HELPING TO REDUCE POLLUTION GASES THAT EVERY DAY SATURATES BIG TOWNS. IN FACT, IT IS EXPECTED FOR ELECTROMOBILITY TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT WAY TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE BY 2050, AND THEREFORE, THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROPER CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR ELECTRIC MACHINES BECOME IMPERATIVE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE DRIVING AND SAFETY IN MODERN POWERTRAINS. THIS PAPER STUDIES AND REVIEWS SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS, WITH A SPECIAL MENTION ABOUT, REGENERATIVE BRAKING, GRIP IMPROVEMENT, AND VECTORIAL TORQUE CONTROL CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE CAR DYNAMICS. AS RESULTS, THIS DOCUMENT SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN CONTROL SUCH AS MPC (MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL) WHICH HELPS WITH CRITICAL SAFETY DECISIONS THAT MAKE THE CAR STABLE, DTC (DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL) WHICH LABOR IS TO ENSURE THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF TORQUE IS PRODUCED BY THE POWER UNIT IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE DECISIONS MADE BY THE MPC OR THE FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS. ALL THESE CONTROL STRATEGIES MAKE CARS EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE, SAFE AND ROBUST THAN TRADITIONAL COMBUSTION ONES.

ARE THE ONLY NATIVE VASCULAR SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE ANTARCTICREGION AND ARE A SOURCE OF INTEREST IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES.THESE PLANTS HAVE BEEN STUDIED FOR DECADES AND RECOGNIZEDAS BIOINDICATORS OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE. THE ARTICLE PRESENTSPRELIMINARY STUDIES AND RESULTS OF A THERMAL ACTUATOR, WHICH ISGOING TO BE APPLIED IN A CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES. THE ELABORATED,FAR INFRARED ACTUATOR TOGETHER WITH A CONTROL SYSTEM MAINTAINSTHE TEMPERATURE OF THE ANTARCTIC PLANT CERTAIN DELTA ABOVE THEAMBIENT TEMPERATURE. SINCE THE HEAT TRANSFER IS BASED ON INFRAREDRADIATION A THERMAL MODEL IS INTRODUCED, WHERE THE PARAMETERSOF THE MODEL ARE DETERMINED EMPIRICALLY APPROXIMATING IT USING A1-ST ORDER DYNAMICAL SYSTEM. ONCE DETERMINED, THE SYTEM MODELPAREMETERS HELP TO DESIGN THE CONTROL STRATEGIES: CONTROL ON-OFF(1) AND CONTROL PID (PROPORTIONAL?INTEGRAL?DERIVATIVE) (2). ASA RESULT WE OBTAIN THAT THE CONTROL PID MAINTAINS THE OBJECTSTEMPERATURE WITH MAJOR STABILITY THAN ON-OFF, WHAT MAKES ITPREFERABLE IN THE ?NAL APPLICATION. THE FUTURE WORKS INVOLVEMODELING AMBIENTAL PERTURBATION, WHICH AFFECTS THE SYSTEM ANDDETERMINATION THERMAL PARAMETERS OF THE ANTARCTIC PLANTS.

THE CAR TECHNOLOGY SHIFT TO POWERTRAIN ELECTRIFICATION GIVES PLENTY OF NEW WAYS TO IMPROVE SAFETY, ONE OF SUCH IS THE REGENERATIVE BRAKE SUSTAINED BY THE CAPABILITY OF THE INSTANT TORQUE THAT AN ELECTRIC MOTOR CAN PRODUCE. HOWEVER, TRACTION CONTROL IS SOMETHING THAT NEEDS TO BE DISCUSSED AND STUDY IN ORDER TO MAXIMIZE SAFETY, ACCELERATION, AND BRAKING FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES. THIS PAPER EXAMINES AND SIMULATES A TORQUE CONTROL TECHNIQUE, ENSURING A SECURE AND SAFE ACCELERATION, AND BRAKING PROCEDURE TO AVOID SLIPPING. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY COMPUTING THE DYNAMICS OF A CAR WITH A QUARTER VEHICLE MODEL AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TIRE. IN THIS WORK, A MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL (MPC) STRATEGY IS ADOPTED IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE TORQUE NEEDED TO FOLLOW A SLIP RATIO GIVEN AS REFERENCE. SIMULATION RESULTS SHOW A QUICK REACH OF THE MAXIMUM GRIP AVAILABLE, ENSURING A FAST AND SAFE BRAKING/ACCELERATION MANEUVER BY ENSURING THE REACH AND HOLD OF THE MAXIMUM FRICTION COEFFICIENT POINT OF THE TIRE MODEL..