IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTEREST THAT MIDDLE CITIES ARE TAKING IN THE SEARCH FOR MORE BALANCED URBAN SYSTEMS (DIEZ & AMILOZZI, 2015), THE RESEARCH HAD AS ITS MAIN OBJECTIVE TO DISCUSS AND RELATIVIZE THE A PRIORI APPLICABILITY OF PREDOMINANT ACADEMIC CONSENSUS ON METROPOLIZATION, POLYNUCLEATION, AND OUTSOURCING, ANALYSIS, AND UNDERSTANDING OF INTERMEDIATE URBAN SYSTEMS. IN ORDER TO CHARACTERIZE THE RECENT TRENDS IN LOCATION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TERTIARY SERVICES IN GENERAL, AND KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE SERVICE (KIS) IN PARTICULAR, FOR THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CONCEPCIÓN (AMC), CHILE, A DATABASE WAS CREATED WITH THE COMMERCIAL PATENTS ISSUED BY THE MUNICIPALITIES. FOR 5 YEARS (2012?2016), THIS FOR EACH COMMUNE THAT MAKES UP THE METROPOLIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE BASES WERE FILTERED, STANDARDIZING THE LOCAL CATEGORIES TO THE INTERNATIONAL ONES (GLOSSARY: KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE SERVICE), INFORMATION THAT WAS GEOREFERENCED WITH THE ARCGIS 10.2 SOFTWARE, ANALYZING, CONTRASTING, AND INTERPRETING ITS RESULTS. FINALLY, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT NEITHER THE COMMERCIAL SUB-CENTRALITIES NOR THE INDUSTRIAL PERIPHERIES HAVE BEEN RELEVANT FACTORS IN EXPLAINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF KISS IN THE AMC, WITH THE DOWNTOWN BEING THE ONE THAT BEST EXPLAINS THEIR LOCATIONS, CONCENTRATIONS, AND EXPANSIONS. THE MAIN FINDING IDENTIFIED A CHANGE IN THE FUNCTIONAL AXIS OF THE CENTRAL CORE OF THE AMC, HISTORICALLY FORMED BY THE CONCEPCIÓN AND TALCAHUANO, TO A NEW CENTRAL AXIS FORMED BY CONCEPCIÓN AND THE SAN PEDRO DE LA PAZ, ACCOUNTING FOR AN EMERGING RESTRUCTURING, GUIDED BY THE PROXIMITY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND LANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES OF THIS LAST COMMUNE.

HISTORICALLY, EMERGING ELITES HAVE SOUGHT TO RESIDE IN TRADITIONAL AND WELL-KNOWN HIGH-INCOME AREAS, AS PART OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY AND THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR SOCIAL STATUS. NOWADAYS, NEW RESIDENTIAL SETTLEMENTS, OUTSIDE THE ESTABLISHED AREAS OF HIGH INCOME, ARE EXPRESSING THE PREDILECTION OF ELITES FOR ATTRACTIVE LANDSCAPES AND THE SEARCH OF BENEFICIAL EXPERIENCES, RATHER THAN A PRESTIGE FUNCTION; SYMPTOM -ACCORDING TO THIS STUDY- OF A RENEWED SENSITIVE AND PLAYFUL CONCEPTION OF THE TERRITORY. TWO CASE STUDIES HAVE BEEN ANALYZED: GRAN LA SERENA AND GRAND CONCEPCION, BOTH OF CHILE. THROUGH CARTOGRAPHIES BASED ON CENSUS DATA AND OTHER SOURCES, THE LOCALIZATION PATTERNS OF HIGH SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LANDSCAPE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE TERRITORY ARE EVALUATED. THE RESULTS SHOW, IN BOTH CASES, REMARKABLE PARALLELISM BETWEEN VARIABLES.

OBJECTIVES IN THE CONTEXT OF A DISCUSSION, STILL ONGOING, ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF CREATIVE CITY, THIS ARTICLE CONTRASTS GLOBAL DISCOURSES WITH LOCAL APPRECIATIONS OF PEOPLE CONSIDERED THE CREATIVE CLASS, IDENTIFYING URBAN CHARACTERISTICS THAT ATTRACT AND ESTABLISHES ROOTS, AND OTHERS THAT PRODUCE DISAFFECTION AND DISCOMFORT. METHODOLOGY THE CASE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CONCEPCIÓN (AMC), CHILE, CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS WITH PEOPLE CONSIDERED THE CREATIVE CLASS; THE INTERVIEWEES WERE SELECTED USING SNOWBALL SAMPLING, AND THE SAMPLE UNIVERSE WAS BOUNDED UNDER THE LOGIC OF SATURATION. FINALLY, THE INFORMATION OBTAINED WAS SYSTEMATIZED WITH THE CONTENT ANALYSIS SOFTWARE, T-LAB.8.1. CONCLUSIONS THE RESULTS WERE CONTRASTED WITH A STATE OF THE ART DEVELOPMENTS AND GLOBAL ACADEMIC DISCURSIVE, EVIDENCING CONSENSUS, DISSENTS AND HIERARCHIES AND REVEALING THE NECESSARY AND LOCAL ADJUSTMENT OF URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN; IN PURSUIT OF A POLICY OF URBAN COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON THE ATTRACTION AND RETENTION OF CREATIVE TALENTS, ESPECIALLY WITHIN INTERMEDIATE URBAN SYSTEMS. ORIGINALITY STUDYING THE ATTRACTION-RETENTION CAPACITY OF INTERMEDIATE CITIES FOR CREATIVE GROUPS-WITH A FOCUS ON PEOPLE AND THEIR EXPERIENCES-IS UNUSUAL, ALTHOUGH IT IS ESSENTIAL IN A SCENARIO OF GLOBAL COMPETITION TO ATTRACT TALENT AND ADVANCE HUMAN CAPITAL.

LA NARRATIVA ACADÉMICA, GLOBAL Y LATINOAMERICANA, EXPONE AL SHOPPING MALL Y SU PROLIFERACIÓN, COMO PARTE DE UNA EMERGENTE Y GENÉRICA PSEUDO-CIUDAD; FORTIFICACIONES ELITISTAS, SOCIALMENTE HOMOGÉNEAS Y PRIVATIZADORAS DEL ESPACIO PÚBLICO, NO-LUGARES ESTÉRILES EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE SOCIABILIDADES Y CONTENCIÓN DE LO URBANO. SIN EMBARGO, TAMBIÉN ESTÁN QUIENES PLANTEAN ESTOS LUGARES COMO ESPACIOS DE OPORTUNIDAD DESTACANDO LA EXISTENCIA DE FENÓMENOS DE TRANSPOSICIÓN DE ACTIVIDADES SOCIALES DESDE LA CIUDAD TRADICIONAL A ESTOS POSMODERNOS ESCENARIOS. PUES BIEN, LA PRESENTE INVESTIGACIÓN EXPONE Y DISCUTE LAS DISCURSIVAS PREDOMINANTES MEDIANTE UN ANÁLISIS CUANTITATIVO Y CUALITATIVO DEL PRIMER SHOPPING MALL CONSTRUIDO FUERA DE LA CAPITAL, EL MALL PLAZA DEL TRÉBOL (1994) DE CONCEPCIÓN, CHILE; AFIRMANDO QUE, BAJO LOS PROCESOS DE APROPIACIÓN Y TRANSFORMACIÓN MORFOLÓGICO-PROGRAMÁTICA, LOS CENTROS COMERCIALES DE NUEVO CUÑO NO SIEMPRE SON ESTÉRILES EN LO URBANO. INCLUSO QUE, MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS PROCESOS DE TRANSPOSICIÓN IDENTIFICADOS, ESTÁN SIENDO ESPACIOS DE SOPORTE PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE NUEVAS SOCIABILIDADES POR PARTE DE COMUNIDADES DE INTERESES EMERGENTES Y TRANSESPACIALES.

THE ARTICLE OVERSEES THE ENVIRONMENTAS CONFLICTS (CA AS PER ITS SPANISH ACRONYM) IN SOUTH AMERICA AND CHILE CAUGHT THROUGH THE CONFRONTATION OF DIFFERENT CONCEPTUAL SPACES, BUT RISING FROM THE SAME MATERIAL SPACE. FOR THIS ARGUMENT AND RETRIEVING DATA FROM THE WORLD BANK, ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ATLAS, LATIN AMERICAN OBSERVATORY FOR ENVIRONMENT CONFLICTS (OLCA AS PER ITS SPANISH ACRONYM), OBSERVATORY OF MINING CONFLICTS IN LATIN AMERICA (OCMAL AS PER ITS SPANISH ACRONYM), CENTRAL BANK OF CHILE, LIFE AND WATER DEFENCE COORDINATOR AND NATIONAL PRESS AND RADIO, A LIFTING AND LOCATION OF THE CAS CAPITAL SOURCES AND DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT (IED AS PER ITS SPANISH ACRONYM) WAS UNDERTAKEN. THE RESULT FROM THE MAPPING AND ITS CROSSINGS PROVIDED EVIDENCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPACE CONCENTRATION OF CA AND IED, NOTICING A NON-SOLVED FRICTION BETWEEN SPACES CONCEIVED FROM THE LOCAL AND THE GLOBAL.

USING A CASE STUDY CONDUCTED IN THE MICHAIHUE NEIGHBORHOOD, THE RESULT OF PROGRESSIVE LARGE-SCALE AND HIGH-RISE SOCIAL HOUSING, THE POSSIBLE IMPACT THAT ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY CAN HAVE ON THE DECLARED PERCEPTION OF NEIGHBORHOOD PREFERENCE AND PREDILECTION IS ANALYZED, UNDERSTANDING THESE ELEMENTS AS A POSITIVE BASIS TO GENERATE NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL TIES. METHODOLOGICALLY, THE RESPONSES TO THE DWELLINGS AND HOUSEHOLDS? CENSUS WERE ANALYZED AND COMPARED, ALONGSIDE A REVIEW OF PERSONAL NETWORKS APPLIED TO NEIGHBORS WHO OWN BOTH HOUSING TYPOLOGIES. THE FINDINGS SHOW THAT, GIVEN THE SAME URBAN CONTEXT AND INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES, THE HOUSING TYPOLOGY MARKS A DIFFERENCE WHEN EXPRESSING A PREFERENCE FOR LIVING IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD AND WHETHER OR NOT THEY WOULD CHOOSE TO STAY IN IT. HOWEVER, THE EVIDENCE DOES NOT ALLOW STATING WHETHER THIS WOULD AFFECT THE DYNAMICS OF NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL TIES PRODUCTION. FINALLY, A ?PROGRESSIVE? ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY IS PRESENTED, THAT ALLOWS THE OWNER TO PARTICIPATE IN ITS MODIFICATION-EXTENSION, PROVIDING BETTER CONDITIONS FOR A POSITIVE PERCEPTION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD, WHICH IN ITSELF DOES NOT NECESSARILY ALTER THE DYNAMICS BEHIND THE CREATION AND OUTLINE OF NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL NETWORKS.

EN SUDAMÉRICA EXISTE UN CONSENSO RELATIVO QUE ASOCIA LA EXPANSIÓN Y LA PROFUNDIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA NEOLIBERAL CON LA METROPOLIZACIÓN URBANA, LOS SISTEMAS POLINUCLEARES, IMPULSADOS POR LA TERCERIZACIÓN DE LAS ECONOMÍAS URBANAS, Y LA FORMACIÓN DE NUEVOS CENTROS DE CONSUMO Y NEGOCIOS FUERA DE LOS CENTROS TRADICIONALES, MIENTRAS ESTOS ÚLTIMOS EVIDENCIAN SEÑAS DE OBSOLESCENCIA FUNCIONAL. DICHA VISIÓN COMPARTIDA, SURGIDA A PARTIR DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS CAPITALES NACIONALES, SUELE EXTRAPOLARSE A LAS CIUDADES INTERMEDIAS, OCULTANDO POSIBLES SINGULARIDADES QUE ESCAPAN A UNA CUESTIÓN DE TAMAÑO O ESTADIO EVOLUTIVO. EN EL PRESENTE ARTÍCULO SE ABORDAN TRES SISTEMAS URBANOS INTERMEDIOS CHILENOS: GRAN LA SERENA, GRAN CONCEPCIÓN Y GRAN PUERTO MONTT, LOS CUALES HAN TENIDO PROCESOS DESIGUALES DE METROPOLIZACIÓN, PARA DAR CUENTA, POR MEDIO DEL ANÁLISIS DE SERIES CARTOGRÁFICAS SIMPLIFICADAS DE LOCALIZACIÓN DE SERVICIOS, DE LA DISTANCIA ENTRE LOS SUPUESTOS Y CONSENSOS ESTABLECIDOS PARA LAS CAPITALES Y LAS CIUDADES INTERMEDIAS.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS ARE THE RESULT OF THE CLASH OF DIFFERENT WAYS OF TERRITORIALLY CONCEIVING THE SAME SPACE. THE SO-CALLED INDUSTRIAL BRIDGE, LOCATED IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CONCEPCIÓN (AMC IN SPANISH), CHILE, IS TAKEN AS A CASE STUDY, ON BEING AN ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT DERIVED FROM A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT, WHICH AFFECTED A LOCAL AGRICULTURAL SPACE, STRESSING, ACTIVATING AND REORGANIZING DIFFERENT COMMUNITY AGENTS, WHO THROUGHOUT THE CONFLICT, BUILT A DYNAMIC PUBLIC DISCOURSE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO LOOK INTO THE TRIALECTIC AMONG THE SOCIAL MOBILIZATION PROCESSES AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SPACE OF ARTICULATION OF ITS RESISTANCE NETWORKS, THE RE-ELABORATION OF THEIR IDEAS AND VALUES SO THAT THEY DEFINE THE CONFLICT, AND THE CHANGES IN THE TERRITORIAL CONCEPTIONS AND TERRITORIALITIES THEY SUBSCRIBE TO. THE METHODOLOGY APPLIED WAS QUALITATIVE AND ABDUCTIVE, BASED ON A PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESIGN WHICH, TAKING THE LOCAL PRESS AS A SOURCE, SYSTEMATICALLY REPRESENTED AND ANALYZED THE PUBLIC ARENA OF THE CONFLICT AND THE UNDERLING TERRITORIAL CONCEPTIONS AND TERRITORIALITIES IN THE PUBLIC DISCOURSES OF THE COMMUNITY AGENTS. THE RESULTS CONFIRM THE TRIALECTIC, ESTABLISHING A POSITIVE GRADIENT BETWEEN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL RESISTANCE NETWORKS, THEIR MOBILIZATION OF MEANINGS, AND THE (RE)SCALING OF THEIR TERRITORIAL CONCEPTIONS AND TERRITORIALITIES, REDEFINING BOTH WHAT WAS IN DISPUTE AND ITS SOLUTION.

THE EMERGENCE OF SHARED PLATFORMS, SUCH AS AIRBNB, AND THE LIQUIDITY THEY BRING TO THE ACCOMMODATIONS MARKET, IS STRENGTHENING NON-TRADITIONAL AGGLOMERATION PATTERNS - PARTICULARLY IN NON-TOURISTY CITIES- PLAYING DOWN THE ROLE OF FOUNDATIONAL CENTERS. TO DISCUSS THIS, THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CONCEPCION, CHILE, WAS TAKEN AS CASE STUDY, GEO-PROCESSING AND MAPPING THE FUNCTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL ACCOMMODATIONS BASED ON THE DATABASES OF BOOKING AND AIRBNB, RESPECTIVELY. PARALLELISMS OR DISSIDENCES WERE DETERMINED, BETWEEN BOTH RESULTS AND AMONG THEM AND NEW ENCLAVES, THE TRADITIONAL DOWNTOWN AREA, AND THE PLACES AND MILESTONES THAT SHAPE THE SOCIAL IMAGINARY OF LOCAL CONCEPCION DWELLERS.

EL PRESENTE TRABAJO SE APROXIMA A LA RELACIÓN ENTRE SISTEMAS URBANOS (FUA) Y PRODUCCIÓN/ APLICACIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTO, DEFINIDOS POR PUBLICACIONES Y PATENTAMIENTOS CIENTÍFICOS. PARA ELLO SE REALIZA UN RANKING QUE ESTABLECE SEIS CATEGORÍAS DE SISTEMAS URBANOS, DESDE SÚPER CUMBRES A VALLES, A PARTIR DE CUATRO INDICADORES: (I) POBLACIÓN; (II) PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO; (III) ARTÍCULOS CIENTÍFICOS PUBLICADOS Y (IV) SOLICITUDES DE PATENTAMIENTOS. LOS DATOS LEVANTADOS SE EVALUARON A PARTIR DE ESTADÍSTICA DESCRIPTIVA BÁSICA, CALCULANDO RANGOS EN TRES NIVELES MEDIANTE DESVIACIÓN ESTÁNDAR Y CUADROS DE CONTROL -ESTO PARA TODOS LOS DATOS EN COLUMNAS-, QUE POSTERIORMENTE SE CRUZARON. EL RESULTADO FUE UNA CRONOLOGÍA DEL MOVIMIENTO DE LOS PRINCIPALES FUA NACIONALES EN RELACIÓN CON LOS INDICADORES PLANTEADOS, QUE IDENTIFICA TENDENCIAS HACIA SU ESPECIALIZACIÓN, TANTO DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTO COMO DE SU APLICACIÓN. ASÍ TAMBIÉN SE IDENTIFICARON CAMBIOS EN LA PRIMACÍA DE SANTIAGO, CAPITAL DEL PAÍS, EN RELACIÓN CON LOS FUA INTERMEDIOS. FINALMENTE SE DEBATEN Y ABREN NUEVAS INTERROGANTES SOBRE LA RELACIÓN ENTRE SISTEMAS URBANOS, COMPETITIVIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO.

STREET MARKETS ARE EPHEMERAL SPACES REOCCUPYING THE PUBLIC SPACE, WHICH OFFER THEIR VISITORS A WIDE RANGE OF FRESH PRODUCE AT AFFORDABLE PRICES TOGETHER WITH THE EXPERIENCE THEY PROVIDE. AMONG THESE, FARMER MARKETS ADD THE ETHICAL VARIABLE OF OFFERING ACCESS TO LOCALLY GROWN PRODUCE. THIS ARTICLE PROPOSES UNDERSTANDING FARMER MARKETS AS A TRANSITORY INTERFACE NODE BETWEEN THE URBAN SPACE AND THE PRODUCTIVE SPACE, USING THE COLLAO MARKET, LOCATED IN THE GREATER CONCEPCION (CHILE), AS A CASE STUDY. ANALYSIS IS MADE ABOUT THE COUNTRYSIDE-CITY CONNECTION IN TWO SENSES. ON ONE HAND, THE RURAL-URBAN SENSE, WHICH IS THE ROUTE THE FOOD TAKES, BUILDING THE FOODSHED MAP OF THE MARKET OR OF THE PRODUCTION SPACES ASSOCIATED TO IT. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE URBAN-RURAL SENSE, WHICH IS RELATED TO THE ONE THOSE WHO GO THERE HAVE IN THEIR MINDS, ON IMAGINING WHERE THE PRODUCE COMES FROM, BUILDING THE MAP OF THE TERRITORIAL IMAGINARIUM. IT STARTS FROM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT IN COUNTRYSIDE MARKETS, ON INCLUDING THE ETHICAL VARIABLE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO FIND A HIGH LEVEL OF COINCIDENCE BETWEEN THE FOODSHED AND THE TERRITORIAL IMAGINARIUM A DOUBLE QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY IS USED. ONE TO REBUILD THE FOODSHED BY APPLYING QUESTIONNAIRES TO THE MARKET SELLERS, AND ANOTHER TO REBUILD THE TERRITORIAL IMAGINARIUM ON INTERVIEWING THOSE WHO GO TO THE MARKET. THE REPRESENTATION OF BOTH MAPS ALLOWS MAKING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS THAT REFUTE THE HYPOTHESIS PROPOSED. THE DISCUSSIONS AIM AT REVEALING THE REASONS BEHIND THE DIVERGENCE BETWEEN BOTH AND TO REFLECT UPON THE MALLEABILITY OF THE LOCAL SCALE.

RIVER SPACES IN URBAN AREAS HAVE UNDERGONE IMPORTANT TRANSFORMATIONS IN RECENT DECADES. IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTEXT THERE IS STILL LITTLE EVIDENCE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACTS OF THIS TRANSFORMATION, ESPECIALLY IN MEDIUM AND SMALL CITIES. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO ANALYZE THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FLUVIAL URBAN SPACE IN THE LAST CENTURY IN A MEDIUM-SCALE CITY TO DETERMINE ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS ON SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY. THE CASE OF THE CITY OF VALDIVIA IN CHILE IS ANALYZED, IN ITS MOST REPRESENTATIVE FLUVIAL SPACE: THE RIVERBANK OF THE FOUNDATIONAL CENTER AND IN FRONT OF IT THE ISLA TEJA RIVERBANK METHODOLOGICALLY, A QUALITATIVE DIACHRONIC STUDY IS CARRIED OUT, BASED MAINLY ON CARTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION, SUPPORTED BY DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION, FOCUSING ON TWO VARIABLES OR CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS: URBAN FORM AND ELEMENTS OF FLUVIAL CONNECTIVITY. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT VALDIVIA HAS UNDERGONE AN INTENSE TRANSFORMATION OF ITS FLUVIAL URBAN SPACE IN THE LAST CENTURY BECAUSE OF CATASTROPHIC EVENTS AND CULTURAL CHANGES. THIS IS A DISCONTINUOUS PROCESS THAT IS DIFFERENT FOR EACH RIVERBANK: ONE EDGE CONTINUOUSLY INCREASED ITS ARTIFICIAL SURFACE, GENERATING A CONNECTING PLATFORM RESILIENT TO CHANGES AND CATASTROPHES, WHILE THE OTHER WENT FROM AN ARTIFICIALIZATION PROCESS TO A BORDER WITH LITTLE INTERVENTION AND MINIMAL SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY. THE RESEARCH CONTRIBUTES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE FLUVIAL URBAN SPACE IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTEXT, ALONG WITH PROVIDING ELEMENTS FOR THE DESIGN AND PLANNING OF URBAN RIVERBANKS.