AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF BARCELONA (MAB) ARE EXPOSED TO ENORMOUS URBAN PRESSURES. UNTIL RECENTLY, NO SINGLE GLOBAL STUDY HAS ATTEMPTED TO DESCRIBE THE HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES (AGRARIAN AND NON-AGRARIAN) OF THE BARCELONA REGION IN ANY OFFICIAL WAY. SINCE 2007, WORK HAS BEEN UNDERWAY ON COMPILING AN OFFICIAL METROPOLITAN LANDSCAPE CATALOGUE. THIS LANDSCAPE CATALOGUE IS CONCEIVED NORMATIVELY AS A USEFUL TOOL FOR THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE LANDSCAPE FROM THE SPATIAL PLANNING PERSPECTIVE. IN RECENT DECADES, ?TERRITORIAL CONFLICTS? HAVE EMERGED RELATED TO PERIURBAN AGRICULTURE. SEVERAL STRATEGIES AND INSTRUMENTS HAVE THE COMMON AIMS OF PRESERVING ITS AGRARIAN UNITS OF LANDSCAPE FROM THE URBAN PROCESS, PLANNING AND CONSOLIDATING THIS GOAL THROUGH MANAGEMENT CRITERIA. THREE EXPERIENCES ARE EXPLAINED EXTENSIVELY: THE AGRICULTURAL PARK OF SABADELL (SABADELL), GALLECS (MOLLLET DEL VALLÉS) AND THE AGRARIAN PARK OF BAIX LLOBREGAT (14 MUNICIPALITIES OF THE BAIX LLOBREGAT DISTRICT).

EN EL ÁMBITO INTERNACIONAL, EL PRIMER DOCUMENTO QUE RECONOCE POR PRIMERA VEZ LA EXISTENCIA DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (CC) FUE LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (CMNUCC) DE 1992. SU OBJETIVO ERA EL DE ESTABILIZAR LAS CONCENTRACIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO (GEI) A UN NIVEL QUE IMPIDIERA INTERFERENCIAS ANTRÓPICAS PELIGROSAS EN EL SISTEMA CLIMÁTICO, LO QUE IMPLICABA EVITAR QUE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE ALIMENTOS NO SE VIERA AMENAZADA Y QUE EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO PUDIERA SER SOSTENIBLE. EL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO (1997) PUSO EN FUNCIONAMIENTO LA CMNUCC COMPROMETIENDO A LOS PAÍSES INDUSTRIALIZADOS A LIMITAR Y REDUCIR LAS EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO EN CONFORMIDAD A METAS INDIVIDUALES COMPROMETIDAS. LOS OBJETIVOS IMPUESTOS SUPONÍAN UNA REDUCCIÓN MEDIA DE LAS EMISIONES DEL 5 % EN COMPARACIÓN CON LOS NIVELES DE 1990 EN EL QUINQUENIO 2008-2012. ACTUALMENTE, LA COMUNIDAD INTERNACIONAL SE RIGE BAJO EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS (2015) QUE ES JURÍDICAMENTE VINCULANTE Y SU OBJETIVO ES LIMITAR EL CALENTAMIENTO MUNDIAL A 1,5°C EN COMPARACIÓN CON LOS NIVELES PREINDUSTRIALES. EN EL AÑO 2020, TODOS LOS PAÍSES COMPROMETIDOS PRESENTARON SUS PLANES DE ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA CONOCIDOS COMO CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL (CDN), ENTRE LOS QUE SE ENCUENTRA CHILE.

LIBRO: ALIMENTAR LAS CIUDADES, TERRITORIOS, ACTORES, RELACIONES, COLOMBIA

EL ARTÍCULO PROPONE REALIZAR UNA EVALUACIÓN SOBRE CÓMO LA METACOGNICIÓN PUEDE COLABORAR A CONSOLIDAR LA METODOLOGÍA DE APRENDIZAJE BASADO EN PROBLEMAS Y PRETENDE ARROJAR LUZ SOBRE LA IMPORTANCIA SU INCORPORACIÓN EN LOS PROCESOS DE ENSEÑANZA DE LA ARQUITECTURA Y DE LOS PROCESOS CREATIVOS. SE EXPONEN LOS RESULTADOS DE LA APLICACIÓN DEL ANÁLISIS METACOGNITIVO EN LA ASIGNATURA DE TALLER V DE DISEÑO URBANO, IMPARTIDA EL ÚLTIMO AÑO LECTIVO DE LA CARRERA DE ARQUITECTURA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO BÍO. ESTA ASIGNATURA INTEGRA LOS CONOCIMIENTOS PREVIOS ADQUIRIDOS EN LAS ASIGNATURAS TEÓRICAS DE URBANISMO I, II Y III Y EN LOS NIVELES PRÁCTICOS DE TALLER I A IV, MEDIANTE EL MÉTODO DE APRENDIZAJE BASADO EN PROBLEMAS. PARA ELLO SE UTILIZÓ EL INSTRUMENTO DE APRENDIZAJES PREVIOS (KNOWLEDGE AND PRIOR STUDY INVENTORY) Y EL GRUPO FOCAL. LOS RESULTADOS DEMUESTRAN QUE SU USO GENERÓ RESULTADOS POSITIVOS PERMITIENDO REALIZAR UNA TOMA DE CONCIENCIA DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ABSTRACTOS ADQUIRIDAS.

FOOD DESERTS IN CHILE PRESENT A SINGULARITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH. UNLIKE OTHER COUNTRIES WHERE FOOD SECURITY IS MAINLY ACHIEVED THROUGH INFORMAL TRADE, IN CHILE, WEEKLY STREETS MARKETS IS THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PROVIDING FRESH FOOD. SUPERMARKETS COMPLEMENT SPATIALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY STREET MARKETS. BOTH SYSTEMS AND THEIR TEMPORAL OPERATION MAKES THAT THE CHILEAN FOOD DESERTS MAIN CHARACTERISTIC IS THEIR INTERMITTENCY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO ANALYZE THE CHILEAN FOOD DESERTS TO CONTRAST THEM WITH THE PREDOMINANT NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH DISCOURSES AND POSITION THE CHILEAN CASE INTERNATIONALLY. SPECIFICALLY, THIS ARTICLE LOOKS TO ANALYZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DIMENSION IN FOOD ACCESS STUDIES WHERE A HEALTHY DIET DEPENDS ON SYSTEMS OTHER THAN SUPERMARKETS CHARACTERIZED BY INTERMITTENT OPERATION OVER WEEK. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THIS ARTICLE TAKES THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CONCEPCION AS CASE. FIRST, THE RESEARCH IDENTIFIES THE LOCATION AND THE SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF ACCESS FROM A STATIC PERSPECTIVE BASED ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SUPERMARKETS AND STREET MARKETS. THEN, THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS INTRODUCES THE TIME DIMENSION TO REVEAL THE VARIABILITY OF ACCESS PATTERNS AND THE IMPACT ON VULNERABLE GROUPS. THE INTERMITTENCY OF THE FOOD DESERTS POSITIONS CHILE AS HALFWAY BETWEEN THE GLOBAL SOUTH AND NORTH MODELS. THE PARTICULARITY OF THIS MODEL IS THAT INTERMITTENTLY AND REGULARLY PROVIDES A HEALTHY FOOD ENVIRONMENT WITHIN FOOD DESERTS. ADDITIONALY, IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE PLANNED FOR OVERCOMING STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES IN SPATIAL FRESH FOOD ACCESS.

LIBRO INFINITE RURAL SYSTEM IN A FINITE PLANET: BRIDGING GAPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, ESPAÑA

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS ARE THE RESULT OF THE CLASH OF DIFFERENT WAYS OF TERRITORIALLY CONCEIVING THE SAME SPACE. THE SO-CALLED INDUSTRIAL BRIDGE, LOCATED IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF CONCEPCIÓN (AMC IN SPANISH), CHILE, IS TAKEN AS A CASE STUDY, ON BEING AN ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT DERIVED FROM A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT, WHICH AFFECTED A LOCAL AGRICULTURAL SPACE, STRESSING, ACTIVATING AND REORGANIZING DIFFERENT COMMUNITY AGENTS, WHO THROUGHOUT THE CONFLICT, BUILT A DYNAMIC PUBLIC DISCOURSE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO LOOK INTO THE TRIALECTIC AMONG THE SOCIAL MOBILIZATION PROCESSES AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SPACE OF ARTICULATION OF ITS RESISTANCE NETWORKS, THE RE-ELABORATION OF THEIR IDEAS AND VALUES SO THAT THEY DEFINE THE CONFLICT, AND THE CHANGES IN THE TERRITORIAL CONCEPTIONS AND TERRITORIALITIES THEY SUBSCRIBE TO. THE METHODOLOGY APPLIED WAS QUALITATIVE AND ABDUCTIVE, BASED ON A PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESIGN WHICH, TAKING THE LOCAL PRESS AS A SOURCE, SYSTEMATICALLY REPRESENTED AND ANALYZED THE PUBLIC ARENA OF THE CONFLICT AND THE UNDERLING TERRITORIAL CONCEPTIONS AND TERRITORIALITIES IN THE PUBLIC DISCOURSES OF THE COMMUNITY AGENTS. THE RESULTS CONFIRM THE TRIALECTIC, ESTABLISHING A POSITIVE GRADIENT BETWEEN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL RESISTANCE NETWORKS, THEIR MOBILIZATION OF MEANINGS, AND THE (RE)SCALING OF THEIR TERRITORIAL CONCEPTIONS AND TERRITORIALITIES, REDEFINING BOTH WHAT WAS IN DISPUTE AND ITS SOLUTION.

CITIES, IN RECENT YEARS, HAVE SEEN THEIR FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEIR AGRARIAN HINTERLAND BEING EITHER BROKEN OFF COMPLETELY OR SUBSTANTIALLY DAMAGED. WITHIN THIS CONTEXT, LOCAL FOOD SYSTEMS (LFS) CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RESTORING THE SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS UNDER REGENERATIVE ASSUMPTIONS. THIS PAPER ANALYSES LFS WITHIN THE CONCEPCIÓN METROPOLITAN AREA (CMA) AS A REPRESENTATIVE CASE OF METROPOLITAN AREAS IN CHILE. THE AIM OF THE PAPER IS TO EVALUATE WHETHER LFS ARE REGENERATING SUSTAINABLE RURAL-URBAN RELATIONSHIPS, AND TO ACCOMPLISH THIS GOAL, FOODSHEDS HAVE BEEN USED AS A METHODOLOGICAL TOOL TO BOTH CHARACTERISE AND REPRESENT FOOD TRACEABILITY. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THREE QUANTITATIVE FOODSHED INDICATORS HAVE BEEN APPLIED AND THREE QUALITATIVE SPATIAL ANALYTICAL CATEGORIES OF THE REGENERATIVE FOOD SYSTEMS (RFS) DEFINED TO DECODE THE BEHAVIOUR OF LFS IN THE CMA. THE PROPOSED METHOD HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL AS AN INITIAL EXPLORATORY ATTEMPT TO CHARACTERIZE THE REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL OF RFS. THE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT THAT LFS IN THE CMA ARE CERTAINLY RESTORING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CITY AND ITS SURROUNDING FARMLAND BY ESTABLISHING NEW AND RENEWED SUPPLY LINKAGES. FURTHER, THE APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD HAS SHED LIGHT ON SOME KEY ASPECTS THAT SHOW HOW AN LFS IS BEING CONVERTED INTO A POTENTIAL RFS.

ENTENDER LOS ATRIBUTOS DE LOS SUBSISTEMAS QUE COMPONEN A LA CIUDAD Y SU POTENCIAL EN EL INCREMENTO DE LAS CAPACIDADES DE RESILIENCIA ES CRUCIAL PARA LA PLANIFICACIÓN URBANA EN ÁREAS EXPUESTAS A AMENAZAS NATURALES. ESPECÍFICAMENTE, ESTE ARTÍCULO SE FOCALIZA EN CIUDADES INTERMEDIAS QUE PERIÓDICAMENTE SON AFECTADAS POR INUNDACIONES FLUVIALES EN EL VALLE CENTRAL DE CHILE. AL RESPECTO, LAS EXPERIENCIAS INTERNACIONALES DEMUESTRAN QUE FENÓMENOS SIMILARES TIENEN UNA TASA DE RETORNO CONOCIDA Y LOS CENTROS POBLADOS PLANIFICADOS PUEDEN TOMAR MEDIDAS PARA ADAPTAR SU SISTEMA URBANO Y CONVIVIR CON ELLAS EN LUGAR DE SÓLO RESISTIRLAS. SIN EMBARGO, POCO SE SABE SOBRE LAS POTENCIALES CAPACIDADES DE LOS EQUIPAMIENTOS CRÍTICOS Y SU ROL COMO MOTOR DE RECUPERACIÓN EN ESCENARIOS DE EMERGENCIA. PARA DEMOSTRAR AQUELLO, ESTE ESTUDIO EXAMINÓ LA RELACIÓN ENTRE LOS EQUIPAMIENTOS CRÍTICOS Y EL USO DE LOS ESPACIOS ABIERTOS DE LIBRE ACCESO EN LA CIUDAD, COMO ATRIBUTOS PARA INCREMENTAR LAS CAPACIDADES DE RESILIENCIA URBANA FRENTE A INUNDACIONES FLUVIALES INSTALADAS, MEDIANTE DOS CASOS DE ESTUDIO: SAN FERNANDO Y LOS ÁNGELES EN CHILE. LO ANTERIOR, MEDIDO A TRAVÉS DE UN MODELO DE EVALUACIÓN DISEÑADO POR LOS AUTORES. CONSECUENTEMENTE, LOS RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS DEMUESTRAN QUE LA LOCALIZACIÓN Y COBERTURA DE DICHOS ELEMENTOS ES FUNDAMENTAL PARA INCREMENTAR LA RESILIENCIA.

STREET MARKETS ARE EPHEMERAL SPACES REOCCUPYING THE PUBLIC SPACE, WHICH OFFER THEIR VISITORS A WIDE RANGE OF FRESH PRODUCE AT AFFORDABLE PRICES TOGETHER WITH THE EXPERIENCE THEY PROVIDE. AMONG THESE, FARMER MARKETS ADD THE ETHICAL VARIABLE OF OFFERING ACCESS TO LOCALLY GROWN PRODUCE. THIS ARTICLE PROPOSES UNDERSTANDING FARMER MARKETS AS A TRANSITORY INTERFACE NODE BETWEEN THE URBAN SPACE AND THE PRODUCTIVE SPACE, USING THE COLLAO MARKET, LOCATED IN THE GREATER CONCEPCION (CHILE), AS A CASE STUDY. ANALYSIS IS MADE ABOUT THE COUNTRYSIDE-CITY CONNECTION IN TWO SENSES. ON ONE HAND, THE RURAL-URBAN SENSE, WHICH IS THE ROUTE THE FOOD TAKES, BUILDING THE FOODSHED MAP OF THE MARKET OR OF THE PRODUCTION SPACES ASSOCIATED TO IT. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE URBAN-RURAL SENSE, WHICH IS RELATED TO THE ONE THOSE WHO GO THERE HAVE IN THEIR MINDS, ON IMAGINING WHERE THE PRODUCE COMES FROM, BUILDING THE MAP OF THE TERRITORIAL IMAGINARIUM. IT STARTS FROM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT IN COUNTRYSIDE MARKETS, ON INCLUDING THE ETHICAL VARIABLE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO FIND A HIGH LEVEL OF COINCIDENCE BETWEEN THE FOODSHED AND THE TERRITORIAL IMAGINARIUM A DOUBLE QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY IS USED. ONE TO REBUILD THE FOODSHED BY APPLYING QUESTIONNAIRES TO THE MARKET SELLERS, AND ANOTHER TO REBUILD THE TERRITORIAL IMAGINARIUM ON INTERVIEWING THOSE WHO GO TO THE MARKET. THE REPRESENTATION OF BOTH MAPS ALLOWS MAKING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS THAT REFUTE THE HYPOTHESIS PROPOSED. THE DISCUSSIONS AIM AT REVEALING THE REASONS BEHIND THE DIVERGENCE BETWEEN BOTH AND TO REFLECT UPON THE MALLEABILITY OF THE LOCAL SCALE.

OVERCOMING THE MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF ARCHITECTURE AS A SPATIAL PRACTICE, NEW APPROACHES TO ARCHITECTURE AS A PRACTICE OF BOTH SPACE AND TIME HAVE EMERGED IN RECENT DECADES. WITHIN THIS CONTEXT, THE CONCEPT OF CHRONOTOPE HAS BEEN APPLIED TO THE ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURE AS A CONNECTION BETWEEN SPACE AND TIME THROUGH THE PLACE. THE CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL CHRONOTOPE, A SPECIFIC TYPE OF CHRONOTOPE, HAS NOT BEEN DEVELOPED IN DEPTH. AMONG SPACE-TIME ARCHITECTURES, THE WORK OF ENRIC MIRALLES CAN BE DESCRIBED AS AN ARCHITECTURE WHERE SPACE AND TIME ACQUIRE THE SAME SIGNIFICANCE, PROVIDING AN EXPERIENCE OF TIME THROUGH THE EXPERIENCE OF SPACE. AMONG HIS WORKS, THE IGUALADA CEMETERY-PARK, DESIGNED WITH CARME PINOS, CONFIGURES A PLACE WHERE SPACE AND TIME ARE INEXTRICABLY CONNECTED BY THE SHAPE AS A CHRONOTOPE. CONSIDERING THE IGUALADA CEMETERY-PARK AS A CASE STUDY, THIS ARTICLE RECALLS THE CONCEPT OF THE HISTORICAL CHRONOTOPE TO THE DEBATE ON ARCHITECTURE AS A PRACTICE OF SPACE AND TIME. BY MEANS OF UNDERSTANDING THE SHAPE AS A TRACE, THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CHRONIC WORLD TIME AND BIOLOGICAL HUMAN TIME SETS AN HISTORICAL CHRONOTOPE THROUGH THE CALENDAR AND FUNERARY NATURE OF THE PLACE. THE ANALYSIS OF THE OWN WORDS OF MIRALLES SHOWS HIS WILLING TO BUILD THE PLACE AS AN HISTORICAL CHRONOTOPE. BASED ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SHAPE AS AN HISTORICAL TRACE, SPECIFIC FEATURES ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF THE HISTORICAL CHRONOTOPE ARE STATED.

LA PLANIFICACIÓN ALIMENTARIA Y TERRITORIAL SE HA PLANTEADO EN LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA EN CIUDADES EUROPEAS, NORTEAMERICANAS Y LATINOAMERICANAS COMO UNA HERRAMIENTA ÚTIL PARA PROMOVER LA SALUD Y LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Y NUTRICIONAL DE LA CIUDADANÍA, FOMENTAR LA SOSTENIBILIDAD DEL AGROECOSISTEMA METROPOLITANO Y REGENERAR VÍNCULOS RESILIENTES Y SALUDABLES ENTRE LA CIUDAD Y LOS TERRITORIOS AGRÍCOLAS Y RURALES DE PROXIMIDAD FRENTE A DIVERSOS FENÓMENOS DE ESCALA GLOBAL Y LOCAL.

THE PROTECTION OF INTRA AND EXTRA-URBAN PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURE IS ONE OF THE MAIN CHALLENGES OF REGIONAL PLANNING TODAY. THIS ARTICLE QUESTIONS HOW CHILEAN URBAN PLANNING, WHICH IS BOUND WITHIN THE URBAN LIMITS, HAS CONCEIVED PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURE OVER TIME. TO REACH THIS GOAL, WE CONDUCT A DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE EVOLUTION OF REGIONAL PLANNING TOOLS FOR FIVE CHILEAN CASES WHERE URBAN AGRICULTURE HAS BEEN PROTECTED, IDENTIFYING THE METHODS AND ARGUMENTS. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT, ALTHOUGH AGRICULTURE WAS CONCEIVED AS AN URBAN USE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL, THE CHANGES IN CHILEAN LEGISLATION HAVE LED TO CONCEIVING THIS ACTIVITY AS TEMPORARY AND FALLOW, FOR ITS INEVITABLE TRANSFORMATION INTO OTHER MORE PROFITABLE URBAN USES.