THE POLLUTING OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS WITH PLASTICS IS BOTH A GLOBAL AND A LOCAL PROBLEM WITH POTENTIALLY SEVERE CONSEQUENCES FOR WILDLIFE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, AND HUMAN HEALTH. IT IS A PROBLEM THAT ORIGINATES IN COUNTRIES-INABILITY TO ADEQUATELY MANAGE THE GROWING FLOW OF WASTE. WE USE AN IMPACT PATHWAY FRAMEWORK TO TRACE THE FLOW OF PLASTICS THROUGH THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND IDENTIFY THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN ACHIEVING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES TO REDUCE MARINE PLASTIC WASTE. WE PRODUCE A TOOLBOX FOR FINDING A POLICY THAT IS SUITABLE FOR DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. WE USE THE IMPACT PATHWAY AND TOOLBOX TO MAKE COUNTRY-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS THAT REFLECT THE REALITY IN EACH OF THE SELECTED COUNTRIES.

LATELY, QUESTIONINGS HAVE EMERGED ON HOW PUBLIC RESOURCES ARE MANAGED. THIS WORK CALCULATES THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF MUNICIPALITIES IN CHILE, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE POLITICAL FACTORS THAT DRIVE EFFICIENCY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL RESOURCES. IN PARTICULAR, FOCUS IS PLACED ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. TO DO THIS, WE USE A PANEL DATA OF CHILEAN MUNICIPALITIES FOR THE YEARS 2010-2016. THE METHODOLOGY FOLLOWS TWO STAGES. FIRST, WE ESTIMATE EFFICIENCY SCORES BY THE DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) APPROACH. SECOND, A FRACTIONAL PROBIT MODEL IS ESTIMATED TO EXPLAIN THESE SCORES. THE MAIN RESULTS SHOW THAT, ON AVERAGE, MUNICIPALITIES PRODUCE 49% ACHIEVE 49% LESS OF OUTPUT THAN THE OPTIMAL. HIGHER LEVELS OF EFFICIENCY ARE OBTAINED IN LARGER, URBAN COMMUNES AND WITH GREATER PARTICIPATION IN THE MUNICIPAL COMMON FUND. EFFICIENCY INCREASES WHEN THE MAYOR PRESENTS HIMSELF FOR A RE-ELECTION AND IS REDUCED IN THE PERIODS IN WHICH A LEFT COALITION GOVERNS. THE LATER EFFECT IS REDUCED TO THE EXTENT THAT THE MAJORITY OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL SHARE THE SAME IDEOLOGY OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, SUGGESTING AN EFFECT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON EFFICIENCY LEVELS.

SI BIEN LOS DESASTRES NATURALES TIENEN UN EFECTO SIGNIFICATIVO SOBRE EL BIENESTAR MATERIAL, SE HA TORNADO IMPORTANTE EXPLORAR SUS IMPACTOS SOBRE INDICADORES SUBJETIVOS. EL PROPÓSITO DE ESTE ESTUDIO ES EXPLORAR EL EFECTO DE LOS DESASTRES NATURALES EN LOS NIVELES DE SATISFACCIÓN CON LA VIDA DE LAS PERSONAS. PARA ESTE PROPÓSITO, SE UTILIZAN DATOS DE LA ENCUESTA LAPOP DEL AÑO 2010 PARA CHILE, LA CUAL CONTIENE UNA SERIE DE INTERROGANTES RESPECTO DEL TERREMOTO DEL MISMO AÑO QUE AFECTÓ AL PAÍS. TRAS ESTIMAR UN MODELO PROBIT ORDENADO, LOS RESULTADOS MUESTRAN UN EFECTO NEGATIVO EN EL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO, PARTICULARMENTE AQUELLAS PERSONAS QUE REPORTAN UN DAÑO MATERIAL EN SU VIVIENDA Y/O UNA HERIDA FÍSICA.

WE EVALUATE THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM WITH VALUE-LADED CONTENT ON CHILDREN'S AND PARENTS' KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES REGARDING THE CONSUMPTION AND DISPOSAL OF PLASTICS.WE DO THIS USING A RANDOMIZED FIELD EXPERIMENT TARGETING FOURTH-GRADE CHILDREN IN CHILE.THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM HAD A SIZEABLE AND A POSITIVE IMPACT ON CHILDREN' KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES, BUT NO EFFECT ON PARENTS' BEHAVIOR.HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS INDICATE THAT THE PROGRAM HAD A LARGER EFFECT AMONG CHILDREN IN MORE VULNERABLE SCHOOLS, BUT THERE WAS STILL NO EFFECT ON PARENTS.FINALLY, BECAUSE PARENTS MAY ULTIMATELY DETERMINE WHAT CON-STITUTES ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR FOR CHILDREN, PROMOTING PERMANENT CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR WILL REQUIRE INTERVENTIONS OF THIS SORT TO BE COMPLEMENTED WITH OTHER INITIATIVES TARGETING PARENTS.

EL CONCEPTO DE BIENESTAR HA EVOLUCIONADO A INCORPORAR ELEMENTOS SUBJETIVOS. UN FACTOR CLAVE PARA EL DESARROLLO ES EL CAPITAL SOCIAL. LA PARTICIPACIÓN EN ORGANIZACIONES PROMUEVE UNA VIDA SOCIAL MÁS ACTIVA, CON EFECTOS POSITIVOS EN EL BIENESTAR. ESTE TRABAJO INVESTIGA ESTA ASOCIACIÓN, ESTIMANDO MODELOS DE RESPUESTA ORDENADA BIVARIADA CON DATOS DE LA ENCUESTA MUNDIAL DE VALORES PARA CHILE. LOS RESULTADOS MUESTRAN UNA ASOCIACIÓN POSITIVA ENTRE PARTICIPACIÓN Y SATISFACCIÓN CON LA SITUACIÓN ECONÓMICA, SIN EMBARGO, PARA LA SATISFACCIÓN CON LA VIDA Y FELICIDAD, ESTE EFECTO NO ES CLARO PARA LAS ORGANIZACIONES ECONÓMICAS Y RECREATIVAS. ESTE RESULTADO SUGIERE QUE BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO NO NECESARIAMENTE RESPONDE A LA SITUACIÓN ECONÓMICA.

SINCE THE PUBLIC ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IS MORE EVIDENT DURING CRISIS EVENTS, NATURAL DISASTERS HAVE BECOME A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR ELECTORAL OUTCOMES AND PUBLIC SUPPORT. THIS IMPOSES A PROMINENT CHALLENGE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, WHICH ARE LESS PREPARED TO DEAL WITH CATASTROPHES. THIS PAPER PROPOSES A THEORETICAL AND AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATE THE UNRESTRICTED AND CONDITIONAL IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON THE CONTINUITY OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES. OUR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK TREATS NATURAL DISASTERS AS AN EXOGENOUS SHOCK THAT IS BEYOND THE INCUMBENT?S INFLUENCE BUT PROVIDES VALUABLE INFORMATION TO RATIONAL VOTERS ABOUT HIGH-QUALITY CANDIDATES. THE EMPIRICAL APPROACH USES COUNTY-LEVEL DATA TO TEST THIS MODEL BY ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF THE CHILE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN 2010 ON RE-ELECTION PROBABILITY AND INCUMBENT MAYOR?S VOTE SHARE. AGGREGATE- AND INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT INCUMBENTS? CONTINUITY IS NOT UNCONDITIONALLY THREATENED DUE TO THE EARTHQUAKE, BUT CONTINGENT ON CONDITIONING FACTORS THAT EXACERBATE OR MITIGATE ITS NEGATIVE EFFECT ON INCUMBENCY ADVANTAGE. THAT IS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WITH HIGHER HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS AND A BETTER POST-DISASTER ASSESSMENT ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE RE-ELECTED IN CHILE.

SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMIC SECTORS IN CHILE. AN INCREASED FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE SUGGEST A HIGHER WEATHER RISK FOR THE FUTURE, WITH POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES FOR CROP CHOICES. THESE EFFECTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE GREATER IN DRYLAND AREAS, WHERE PRODUCERS ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO SHOCKS AND, THEREFORE, LESS ABLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST THESE RISKS. USING DATA FROM THE 7TH CHILEAN NATIONAL AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY CENSUS, WE EXPLORE SMALL-SCALE FARMERS CROPLAND DECISIONS AS AN ADAPTATION STRATEGY TO COPE WITH DROUGHTS. WE USE REMOTE SENSING DATA TO IDENTIFY DROUGHT EVENTS AND MODEL THE IMPACT OF DROUGHTS ON FARMERS DECISIONS USING A MULTIVARIATE FRACTIONAL MODEL. THIS MODEL ASSUMES THAT FARMERS ALLOCATE SHARES OF LAND OVER A CROP PORTFOLIO. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT FARMERS IN DRYLAND AREAS REDUCE HIGH-RISK CROPPING ACTIVITIES AFTER RECENT DROUGHT SHOCKS, CHOOSING CROPS WITH SHORTER GROWING PERIODS AND LOWER CAPITAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL COSTS, SUCH AS CEREALS. HOWEVER, WE FOUND A DIFFERENT CROPLAND PATTERN IN AREAS WITH A HIGHER FREQUENCY OF DROUGHTS. IN THESE LOCATIONS, FARMERS PREFER LEGUMES AND TUBERS, VINEYARDS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. FINALLY, MAIZE AND VINEYARDS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE GROWN IN PLACES WITH HIGHER TEMPERATURES. RESULTS SUGGEST POTENTIAL CROP ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN THE FACE OF MORE ARID ENVIRONMENTS IN THE FUTURE.

LATELY, ECONOMIES HAVE BEEN FACING AN INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY AND MAGNITUDE OF DROUGHTS, WHICH COME WITH POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES ON FOOD PRICES. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO ANALYZE HOW DROUGHT DISTURBANCES AFFECT PRICE DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL FOOD MARKETS. SPECIAL ATTENTION IS PAID TO DIFFERENCES IN PRODUCT QUALITY AND MARKETING CHANNELS. TO STUDY THE MECHANISM BEHIND PRICE DIFFERENCES, OUR ANALYSIS IS FRAMED WITHIN THE FOOD MARKET INTEGRATION THEORY. OUR METHODOLOGY FOLLOWS A DYADIC REGRESSION APPROACH, WHICH ALLOWS US TO EXPLOIT THE PANEL DATA STRUCTURE OF OUR MARKET PRICE DATA. WE USE MONTHLY ASTERIX POTATO AND LONG SHELF-LIFE TOMATO MARKET PRICES FROM TRADITIONAL MARKETS AND SUPERMARKETS IN CHILE. TO MEASURE DROUGHT INTENSITY, WE USE REMOTE SENSING DATA TO CONSTRUCT A DROUGHT INDEX. RESULTS SHOW THAT DROUGHT SHOCKS REDUCE MARKET PRICE DIFFERENTIALS AROUND HARVESTING AND COMMERCIALIZATION PERIODS, WHICH IS SUPPORTED BY THE EXISTENCE OF MARKET INTEGRATION. WE ALSO FIND THAT PRICES OF HIGH-QUALITY PRODUCTS, LESS PERISHABLE PRODUCTS, AND THOSE TAKEN FROM TRADITIONAL MARKETS RESPOND MORE INTENSIVELY TO DROUGHTS AND TAKE MORE TIME TO BE TRANSMITTED. A DIRECT LINK BETWEEN DROUGHTS AND CROP QUALITY, AS WELL AS SUPERMARKETS? LARGER CAPACITY FOR BUFFER STOCK, MAY BE BEHIND THESE INTERPRETATIONS. PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION AND RETAIL PRICE RIGIDITY ARGUMENTS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.

CON EL OBJETO DE EVALUAR LA GESTIÓN DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES CHILENAS EN TÉRMINOS DE SU ROL COMO GENERADORA DE CONOCIMIENTO, SE APLICÓ LA METODOLOGÍA DEA SOBRE UN SUBCONJUNTO DE UNIVERSIDADES. SEGUIDAMENTE, SE ESTIMÓ UN MODELO PROBIT FRACCIONAL CON LAS PUNTUACIONES DE EFICIENCIA OBTENIDOS PARA EXPLORAR FACTORES QUE INCLUYEN EN EL DESEMPEÑO. LOS RESULTADOS MUESTRAN ALTOS NIVELES DE EFICIENCIA EN INVESTIGACIÓN, CON LAS INSTITUCIONES PRIVADAS REPORTANDO MÁS ALTOS PUNTUACIONES QUE LAS ESTATALES, Y DETECTÁNDOSE ALGUNOS FACTORES IMPORTANTES EN LA OBTENCIÓN DE ESE DESEMPEÑO.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROVIDES PEOPLE WITH THE INFORMATION THEY NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, HELPING TO PROMOTE POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD NATURE. THIS PAPER USES A MULTIVALUED TREATMENT EFFECTS MODEL TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF A GREEN SCHOOL CERTIFICATION PROGRAM ON CHILDREN

TACKLING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IS ONE OF THE MAIN POLICY CHALLENGES FACING GOVERNMENTS. THE PROCESS OF FORMING ATTITUDES STARTS AT A YOUNG AGE, AND IS MOSTLY SHAPED BY EDUCATION. PARTICIPATION IN PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES AT SCHOOLS IS MAINLY VOLUNTARY. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS THE INSTITUTION THAT LINKS COMMUNITIES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS PAPER, WE EXAMINE THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS/MUNICIPALITIES ON SCHOOL PARTICIPATION IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM, WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION. WE USE DATA FROM THE SUSTAINABLE SCHOOL PROGRAM IN CHILE. WE MODEL SCHOOLS? PARTICIPATION AND LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION BY AN ORDERED PROBIT MODEL WITH SAMPLE SELECTION. RESULTS SHOW THAT PUBLIC SCHOOLS ARE MORE LIKELY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PROGRAM COMPARED WITH PRIVATE SCHOOLS, AND SCHOOLS WITH MORE TEACHERS REVEAL A HIGHER PROBABILITY OF BEING PART OF THE PROGRAM. IN ADDITION, WHILE SCHOOL PERFORMANCE AND TEACHERS? PERCEPTIONS CORRELATE WITH ACHIEVING HIGHER LEVELS OF CERTIFICATION, A MORE INTENSE COMMITMENT TO THE PROGRAM IS MORE LIKELY IN COMMUNES WHOSE LOCAL AUTHORITIES HAVE THE CAPACITY TO PROMOTE VOLUNTARY FINANCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES. THUS, IN ORDER TO PROMOTE SUCCESSFUL CO-MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM.

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ARE KEY TO MONITORING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES. IN THE SALMON INDUSTRY, THERE IS A GROWING CONCERN ABOUT THE EXCESS OF NUTRIENTS THAT HAVE ACCUMULATED AT THE BOTTOM OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND THE NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES OF THOSE NUTRIENTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. IN THIS PAPER, WE MEASURE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN THE SALMON INDUSTRY IN CHILE BY APPLYING A SET OF DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) MODELS. IN THESE MODELS, WE INCORPORATE POLLUTANTS AS UNDESIRED OUTPUTS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS. OUR DATA START IN THE YEARS OF THE ISA VIRUS OUTBREAK AND CONTINUE INTO THE SUBSEQUENT YEARS OF RECOVERY IN WHICH STRICTER SANITARY NORMS WERE IMPLEMENTED. ALL THE MODELS SUGGEST A NEGATIVE TREND IN BOTH AVERAGE TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCIES DURING THE ISA VIRUS OUTBREAK AND A SUBSEQUENT INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY SCORES IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS. A GAP CAN BE OBSERVED BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY MEASURES, A GAP THAT WIDENED DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF THE REGULATORY CHANGE AND DECREASED AT THE END OF THE PERIOD. WE ARGUE THAT THESE FINDINGS OFFER PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IMPROVED BECAUSE OF THE NEW REGULATIONS.

AQUACULTURE HAS BECOME A KEY ACTIVITY FOR COASTAL DEVELOPMENT. DESPITE OF POSITIVE IMPACTS ON EMPLOYMENT, IT IS QUESTIONED BY ITS POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS. THIS PAPER ANALYSES THE MOTIVATIONS OF A RURAL COMMUNITY IN CHILE TO REJECT THE INSTALLATION OF AN AQUACULTURE FIRM. THE RESULTS REVEAL THAT POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, CHANGES IN THE WAY OF LIFE AND ORGANIZATION OF WORK, TOURISM REDUCTION, AND THE DEMAND OF SPECIALIZED LABOR EXPLAIN THIS REJECTION. PAST EXPERIENCES OF THE INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN CHILE, AND INSUFFICIENT DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE COMMUNITY AND THE COMPANY REINFORCE THIS PERCEPTION.

LOS GOBIERNOS LOCALES GOBIERNAN CON EL PROPÓSITO DE OFRECER UNA MEJOR CALIDAD DE VIDA, DE MODO QUE ES RELEVANTE LA FOCALIZACIÓN DEL GASTO Y SU CAPACIDAD DE GENERAR INGRESOS. ESTA INVESTIGACIÓN UTILIZA DATOS DE UN PANEL DE 93 CIUDADES CHILENAS PARA LAS CUALES SE MIDE LA CALIDAD DE VIDA URBANA EN EL PERIODO 2012-2016, A FIN DE EVALUAR LOS EFECTOS QUE TIENE LA ESTRUCTURA DEL PRESUPUESTO SOBRE LA CALIDAD DE VIDA URBANA. PARA ESTO SE UTILIZA UN MODELO PROBIT ORDENADO CON EFECTOS ALEATORIOS. LOS RESULTADOS MUESTRAN UN EFECTO POSITIVO DEL GASTO MUNICIPAL, INGRESOS PERMANENTES E INVERSIÓN EN EL RANQUIN DE CIUDADES CON DIFERENCIAS ENTRE LAS DIMENSIONES DEL INDICADOR.