IN CHILEAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL) STUNTZ IS COMMONLY UTILIZED FOR A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS (PARTICULARLY DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS). WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT FROM THE FRUIT PULP OF A. CHILENSIS (MAQUI BERRY: M2) ON ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAY-INDUCED EARLY APOPTOSIS IN ISHIKAWA CELLS. USING THE MTT ASSAY, THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT WAS FOUND TO HAVE AN INHIBITORY IMPACT ON HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER ISHIKAWA CELLS, WITH AN IC50 OF 5.36 MU G/ML. THE CHANGES IN ISHIKAWA CELLS UNDER THE EFFECT OF M2 WERE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY WITH CYCLE ARREST IN S PHASE, REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, ROS AND CALCIUM ION AGGREGATION. WESTERN BLOTTING AND RT-QPCR WERE USED TO IDENTIFY THE INTRACELLULAR MRNA AND PROTEIN ALTERATIONS. THE PRESENCE OF M2 RESULTED IN THE UP-REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAYRELATED PROTEINS BAD, BAX, AND CYTO C, DOWN-REGULATION OF BCL-2, AND UP-REGULATION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS-RELATED PROTEINS IRE1 ALPHA, P-EIF2 ALPHA, ATF4, AND CHOP. THE FINDINGS IMPLY THAT A. CHILENSIS PULP MAY BE USED AS A POSSIBLE RAW MATERIAL FOR THE INNOVATIVE FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS.

MAQUI-BERRY (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS) IS THE EMERGING CHILEAN SUPERFRUIT WITH HIGH NUTRACEUTICAL VALUE. UNTIL NOW, THE RESEARCH ON THIS COMMODITY WAS FOCUSED ON THE FORMULATIONS ENRICHED WITH POLYPHENOLS FROM THE PULP. HEREIN, CONTENTS OF TOCOLS WERE COMPARED IN THE SEED OIL OF MAQUI-BERRY OBTAINED THROUGH THREE DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS FOLLOWED BY DETERMINING THEIR ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ENZYME INHIBITIONS IN-VITRO. FIRSTLY, OILSEED WAS EXTRACTED WITH N-HEXANE (SOXHLET METHOD), CHLOROFORM/METHANOL/WATER (BLIGH AND DYER METHOD) AND PRESSING (INDUSTRIAL). THESE SAMPLES WERE USED TO ACCESS THEIR EFFECTS AGAINST DPPH, HORAC, ORAC, FRAP, LIPID-PEROXIDATION (TBARS), ?-AMYLASE, ?-GLUCOSIDASE, AND PANCREATIC LIPASE. ALL THE ISOMERS OF TOCOPHEROL AND TOCOTRIENOL WERE IDENTIFIED, AND ?-SITOSTEROL WAS THE ONLY STEROL FOUND IN HIGHER AMOUNTS THAN OTHER VEGETABLE OILS. THE BLIGH AND DYER METHOD COULD LEAD TO THE HIGHEST ANTIOXIDATIVE CAPACITY COMPARED TO SOXHLET AND PRESS METHODS LIKELY BECAUSE THE LATTER HAVE A HIGHER AMOUNT OF TOCOPHEROLS. FURTHER, SEED OIL FROM MAQUI BERRY AND THEIR TOCOLS (?, ?, ?, ?-TOCOPHEROLS, TOCOTRIENOLS, AND ?-SITOSTEROL) WARRANT CLINICAL INVESTIGATION FOR THEIR ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIOBESITY POTENTIAL. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE RELEVANT AND SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING OF MAQUI-BERRY.

MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) IS A CHILEAN BERRY RICH IN ANTIOXIDANTS, WHICH ARE MOSTLY FOUND IN THE PULP AND SKIN OF THE FRUIT. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO EVALUATE THE CRYOCONCENTRATION PROCESS BY CENTRIFUGATION?FILTRATION AS A SIMULTANEOUS, EFFICIENT, AND INNOVATIVE METHOD TO INCREASE THE CONTENT OF THERMOSENSITIVE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF AQUEOUS MAQUI EXTRACT. CRYOCONCENTRATION SEPARATED THE CONCENTRATED SOLUTE FROM THE AQUEOUS MAQUI EXTRACT WITH AN EFFICIENCY OF MORE THAN 95%; IT INCREASED THE CONTENT OF TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND TOTAL ANTHOCYANINS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY BY 280%, 573%, AND 226%, RESPECTIVELY. ALTHOUGH THE CONCENTRATES OBTAINED BY EVAPORATION AT 50, 70, AND 80 °C INCREASED THE CONTENT OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, THEY DID SO IN A LOWER PERCENTAGE THAN THE CRYOCONCENTRATE. FURTHERMORE, CYANIDIN 3,5-DIGLUCOSIDE WAS DEGRADED AT 70 AND 80 °C. IN CONCLUSION, CRYOCONCENTRATION BY CENTRIFUGATION?FILTRATION AS A SIMULTANEOUS PROCESS EFFICIENTLY SEPARATES THE SOLUTES FROM THE FROZEN MATRIX OF AQUEOUS MAQUI EXTRACT, AND IT MAINTAINS AND INCREASES THE CONTENTS OF POLYPHENOLS AND ANTHOCYANINS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY. THIS METHOD IS RECOMMENDED FOR CONCENTRATING NATURAL BERRY EXTRACTS WITH THERMOSENSITIVE COMPOUNDS.

AT THE PRESENT TIME, THE FOOD INDUSTRY IS INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORMULATIONS WITH MAQUI-BERRY EXTRACTS AS A RICH SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. MAQUI, NATIVE TO CHILE, IS A RELATIVELY NEW FOOD RAW MATERIAL THAT IS OFTEN CALLED A ?SUPERFRUIT?, THE BERRIES OF THIS PLANT ARE RICH IN ANTHOCYANINS, PHENOLIC ACIDS, AND TANNINS; COMPOUNDS THAT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS SOURCES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN THE HEALTH OF CONSUMERS. CRYOCONCENTRATION, A TECHNOLOGY THAT PRESERVES THERMOLABILE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS BY COMBINING TECHNIQUES OF FREEZING-CENTRIFUGATION, MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN CONCENTRATES WITH A GREATER CONTENT OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS THAN TRADITIONAL METHODS OF CONCENTRATION. IN THIS STUDY, MAQUI FRUITS WERE PULPED TO OBTAIN JUICE (J) AND CHAFF. THE CHAFF WAS SUBJECTED TO AQUEOUS EXTRACTION WITH DISTILLED WATER IN A RATIO OF 1?:?1?P/V TO OBTAIN MAQUI EXTRACT (E). COMBINED J AND E WERE HOMOGENIZED, AND VACUUM FILTERED TO OBTAIN THE FINAL EXTRACT (A), WHICH WAS CRYOCONCENTRATED AT ? 30°C AND THEN SUBJECTED TO 3 CONTINUOUS CYCLES OF FREEZING-CENTRIFUGATION AND FILTRATION.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CRYOCONCENTRATION ASSISTED BY CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION ON THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF AQUEOUS MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) AND CALAFATE (BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA G. FORST) EXTRACTS PRETREATED WITH HIGH-PRESSURE HOMOGENIZATION (HPH). AQUEOUS EXTRACTS WERE PREPARED FROM FRESH FRUITS WHICH WERE TREATED WITH HPH (PREDEFINED PRESSURE AND NUMBER OF PASSES). THE BEST PRETREATMENT WAS DETERMINED BY AEROBIC MESOPHILIC, FUNGAL, AND YEAST COUNTS. TREATED EXTRACTS WERE FROZEN AT ?30 °C IN SPECIAL TUBES AND CENTRIFUGED AT 4000 RPM FOR 10 MIN TO OBTAIN THE CRYOCONCENTRATED PRODUCT. THE OPTIMAL PRETREATMENT CONDITIONS FOR HPH WERE 200 MPA AND ONE PASS IN WHICH THE EXTRACTS EXHIBITED NO MICROORGANISM COUNTS. CRYOCONCENTRATION BY FREEZING AND SUBSEQUENT CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION IN A SINGLE CYCLE SHOWED HIGH PROCESS EFFICIENCY (>95%) IN BOTH SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS (TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND ANTHOCYANINS) AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THE FRESH FRUITS AND EXTRACTS. THE HPH TREATMENT AND SUBSEQUENT CRYOCONCENTRATION ASSISTED BY CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION IS AN EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN CONCENTRATES WITH GOOD MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND A HIGH CONTENT OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF PEF TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY CRYOCONCENTRATION (C) IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) AND CALAFATE (BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA G.) ON THEIR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY, AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. EXTRACTS OF MAQUI AND CALAFATE WERE OBTAINED BY AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF WATER-SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS, AND THEN SAMPLES WERE TREATED BY PEF (10?KV/CM, 70?HZ AND A PULSE WIDTH OF 10 ?S) AND PASTEURIZATION (90°C/30?S); UNTREATED SAMPLES WERE USED AS CONTROLS. THE TREATED EXTRACTS WERE CRYOCONCENTRATED USING CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION, AND THE CRYOCONCENTRATION PARAMETERS INCLUDED SEPARATION EFFICIENCY (EFF) AND RECOVERED SOLUTE (RS). PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES WERE ALSO EVALUATED, SUCH AS SOLUBLE SOLIDS (SS), TITRATABLE ACIDITY (TTA), AND VISCOSITY (?), AS WELL AS BIOACTIVE COMPOUND CONTENT: TOTAL POLYPHENOLS (TP), TOTAL ANTHOCYANINS (TA), TOTAL FLAVONOIDS (TF) AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (AOXC). MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY WAS EVALUATED BY THE COUNTS OF THE MESOPHILIC AEROBIC MICROORGANISM (MAM) AND MOLDS AND YEASTS (M&Y). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE EFF OF THE SOLUTES WAS HIGHER THAN 95?% IN MAQUI AND 97?% IN CALAFATE. AS EXPECTED, THE CRYOCONCENTRATION PROCESS INCREASED TA, ?, AND SS CONTENT. IT ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (P

MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOLINA) STUNTZ) IS A NATIVE CHILEAN BERRY THAT HAS THE HIGHEST ANTIOXIDANT LEVEL COMPARED WITH OTHER FRUIT. ANTHOCYANINS, WHICH ARE THE COMPOUND WITH THE HIGHEST FUNCTIONAL LEVEL FOUND IN MAQUI, ARE RELATIVELY UNSTABLE AND QUITE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEGRADATION DURING PROCESSING AND STORAGE. IN ADDITION, MAQUI IS A HIGHLY PERISHABLE SEASONAL FRUIT AND IT IS NECESSARY TO FIND CONSERVATION METHODS FOR THE DEVELOPED PRODUCTS. MICROENCAPSULATION IS ONE WAY TO PROTECT ANTHOCYANINS FROM DEGRADATION REACTIONS; IT IS DEFINED AS A PROCESS BY WHICH CERTAIN BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ARE INTRODUCED IN A MATRIX OR WALL SYSTEMS AIMED AT IMPEDING THEIR LOSS AND PROTECTING THEM FROM THE REACTION WITH OTHER COMPOUNDS AND/OR PREVENT THEM FROM SUFFERING OXIDATION REACTIONS CAUSED BY LIGHT OR OXYGEN. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF DRYING INLET TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT, TOTAL ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SPRAY-DRIED MAQUI EXTRACT. INLET TEMPERATURES WERE 130, 150, AND 170 ºC, WHILE OTHER PARAMETERS WERE CONSTANT, SUCH AS FEED FLOW (18 ML MIN-1) AND ENCAPSULATING AGENT CONCENTRATION (MALTODEXTRIN AND GUM ARABIC). THE BEST DRYING INLET TEMPERATURE WAS 170 ºC; IT PRODUCED POWDERS WITH LOWER MOISTURE CONTENT (1.61%), WATER ACTIVITY (0.15), AND L* COORDINATE (11.16), AS WELL AS INCREASED HYGROSCOPICITY (24.01%) AND SOLUBILITY (92.70%). THE LOWEST TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT LOSS (23.05 MG GALLIC ACID EQUIVALENTS G-1), TOTAL ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT (21.46 MG CYANIDIN- 3-GLUCOSIDE G-1), AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY (85.76% 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL INHIBITION) OCCURRED AT 170 °C. THE SIZE OF THE POWDER PARTICLES ALLOWED CLASSIFYING THEM AS MICROCAPSULES. MAQUI EXTRACT MICROENCAPSULATION PROVIDES POWDERS WITH ADEQUATE STABILITY DURING STORAGE.