OVER THE LAST CENTURY, CLIMATE CHANGE HAS IMPACTED THE PHYSIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION, AND PHENOLOGY OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL PRIMARY PRODUCERS WORLDWIDE. THE STUDY OF THESE FLUCTUATIONS HAS BEEN HINDERED DUE TO THE COMPLEX RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL FORCING OVER LARGE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES. TO BRIDGE THIS GAP, WE INVESTIGATED THE SYNCHRONY IN SEASONAL PHENOLOGICAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL PRIMARY PRODUCERS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ACROSS NORTHERN PATAGONIA. WE DISENTANGLED THE EFFECTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF LOCAL PROCESSES USING ADVANCED TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS AND PARTIAL WAVELET COHERENCE ON 15 YEARS (2003?2017) OF DATA FROM MODIS (MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER) ONBOARD THE TERRA AND AQUA SATELLITES AND GLOBAL CLIMATIC VARIABILITY USING LARGE-SCALE CLIMATE INDICES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT PERIODIC VARIATIONS IN BOTH COASTAL OCEAN AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE FORCING OVER SEASONAL SCALES AND WITH CLIMATIC FORCING OVER MULTI-ANNUAL (2?4 YEARS) MODES. THESE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS INDICATE THAT LARGE-SCALE CLIMATIC PROCESSES PRIMARILY MODULATE THE SYNCHRONOUS PHENOLOGICAL SEASONAL ACTIVITY ACROSS NORTHERN PATAGONIA, WHICH MAKES THESE UNIQUE ECOSYSTEMS HIGHLY EXPOSED TO FUTURE CLIMATIC CHANGE.

THE AQUATIC COLEOPTERA IN A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE REGION WERE STUDIED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE ASSEMBLAGE STRUCTURE. WE TESTED THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LAND USE TYPES (NATIVE FOREST, AGRICULTURE AND URBAN) ON ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES AND WATER BEETLES IN CHILEAN STREAMS. EIGHTEEN STREAM SITES WERE SAMPLED IN THE AUSTRAL SUMMER OF 2016. PHYSICAL VARIABLES INCLUDING WATER TEMPERATURE, DRY WIDTH OF CHANNEL, ALTITUDE, PROPORTION OF FINE SEDIMENT, GRAVEL/PEBBLES AND BOULDERS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT AMONG LAND USES. EIGHT COLEOPTERA TAXA WERE COLLECTED ACROSS ALL SITES; FIVE WERE RECORDED IN NATIVE FOREST AND AGRICULTURE STREAMS AND THREE IN URBAN STREAMS. THE RIFFLE BEETLES STETHELMIS CHILENSIS, AUSTRELMIS SP., AUSTROLIMNIUS SP. AND TYCHEPSEPHENUS FELIX WERE FOUND IN NATIVE FOREST AND IN LOW DENSITY IN AGRICULTURE STREAMS. HYDRAENIDAE APPEAR TO BE THE MOST TOLERANT TAXON, DOMINANT IN AGRICULTURE AND URBAN STREAMS. CANONICAL ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPAL COORDINATES BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES AND COLEOPTERA DENSITY DATA SHOWED A CLEAR SEPARATION OF NATIVE FOREST STREAMS FROM AGRICULTURE AND URBAN AREA STREAMS. USING DISTANCE-BASED LINEAR MODELS, COBBLE PROPORTION WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLE STRUCTURING THE WATER BEETLE ASSEMBLAGE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AQUATIC BEETLES ARE GOOD ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF ANTHROPOGENIC LAND USE TYPES IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS IN MEDITERRANEAN STREAMS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY USING AQUATIC COLEOPTERAN SPECIES FOR CHILEAN MEDITERRANEAN STREAMS. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE NATIVE FOREST FOR THE CONSERVATION OF STREAM INSECTS.

THE CENTRAL AND NORTHERN CHILEAN COASTS ARE PART OF THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM, WHICH SUSTAINS ONE OF THE LARGEST FISHERIES IN THE WORLD DUE TO UPWELLING. THERE ARE SEVERAL UPWELLING FOCAL POINTS ALONG THE CHILEAN COAST; HOWEVER, FROM A PHYSICAL STANDPOINT, THE REGION BETWEEN 39° AND 41° S HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED IN DETAIL DESPITE BEING ONE OF THE MOST PRODUCTIVE ZONES FOR PELAGIC EXTRACTION IN CHILE. HERE, WE EVALUATED THE SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF COASTAL UPWELLING OFF CENTRAL-SOUTHERN CHILE USING PRINCIPALLY DAILY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST) AND SEA SURFACE WIND (SSW), AND 8-DAY COMPOSITE CHLOROPHYLL-A CONCENTRATION BETWEEN 2003 AND 2017. THROUGH THE SEASONAL EVALUATION OF THE NET SURFACE HEAT FLUX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SST AS WELL AS DAILY SST VARIABILITY, WE DETERMINED THE ?MAXIMUM UPWELLING? ON OUR AREA. THE DIRECTION OF SURFACE WINDS IS CONTROLLED THROUGHOUT THE YEAR BY THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE, WHICH PRODUCES A COLD TONGUE AND AN UPWELLING SHADOW NORTH OF PUNTA GALERA (40° S) IN AUSTRAL SPRING AND SUMMER. A CROSS-CORRELATION ANALYSIS SHOWED A DECREASE OF SST FOLLOW THE ALONGSHORE SSW WITH A LAG OF 2 DAYS IN THE MONTHS FAVORABLE TO THE UPWELLING. HOWEVER, THE CORRELATIONS WERE NOT AS HIGH AS WHAT WOULD BE EXPECTED, INDICATING THAT THERE IS A LARGE ADVECTION OF WATERS FROM THE SOUTH THAT COULD BE RELATED TO THE GREATER VOLUME OF SUBANTARCTIC WATER PRESENT IN THE ZONE.