3D-PRINTED BUILDINGS CAN SAVE RESOURCES AND TIME, BOOSTING PRODUCTIVITY AND THE CONSTRUCTION?S SUSTAINABILITY. WHILE THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY IS DEVELOPING AROUND THE WORLD AND EXAMPLES ABOUND, ITS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONDITIONS HAVE YET TO BE DETERMINED. THIS WORK ACCOMPLISHES A NOVEL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTING BASED ON PILOT TESTS, CASE STUDIES, AND DIGITAL MODELLING. LAB SCALE TESTS ?WITH MICROCEMENT AND A KUKA R120 ROBOT? HAVE LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS. IN ADDITION, INTERNATIONAL MODELS OF IMPRESS HOUSING ARE REVIEWED, IN ADDITION TO DISCUSSING THEIR FORMAL CONDITIONS. BIM RIDIMENSIONAL MODELS ARE ALSO DEVELOPED BASED ON THE REGISTERED TESTS AND CONDITIONS. THE EXPERIENCES AND REVIEWS BASICALLY SHOW THE PRINTING OF CURVED AND COARSE PARAMETERS THAT POINT TO NEW ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES.

3D-PRINTED CONSTRUCTIONS EXPRESS THE CAPACITY OF AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGIES TO ELABORATE BUILDINGS THROUGH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. THESE CONSTRUCTIONS REQUIRE AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ACCORDING TO THEIR MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS. THIS RESEARCH REVIEWS BUILDINGS THAT HAVE BEEN EXECUTED WITH THESE TECHNOLOGIES IN ORDER TO DETERMINE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS. FROM AN INTERNET SEARCH, A REGISTER WAS COMPILED OF 112 CASES OF 3D-PRINTED CONSTRUCTIONS AROUND THE GLOBE. THEY INCLUDE SOME 10,000 M2 OF BUILT SURFACE AREA AND WERE MAINLY ERECTED IN THE LAST FIVE YEARS. THE REVIEW SHOWS THAT CASES WERE BUILT BY APPROXIMATELY THIRTY EXECUTORS, MOSTLY ENTREPRENEURS? COMPANIES WHO HAVE MADE DIFFERENT BUILDINGS AS SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS CONSTRUCTED WITH GANTRIES OR ROBOTIC ARMS, EITHER ON-SITE OR IN FACTORIES. MOST OF THE COMPONENTS PRINTED ARE WALLS, WITH SINGLE OR DOUBLE FILAMENTS WITH INTERIOR VOIDS. IN SOME CASES, THEY INTEGRATE REINFORCEMENTS AND OPENINGS. THE GEOMETRY OF THE 3D-PRINTED CONSTRUCTIONS VARIES BETWEEN ORTHOGONAL LAYOUTS THAT REPLICATE EXISTING BUILDINGS AND SPHERICAL SHAPES THAT REFLECT PRINTING CAPABILITIES. MANY OF THE CASES ARE A COMBINATION OF THESE CHARACTERISTICS, MIXING A TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO EXISTING ARCHITECTURE AND NEW OPERATIVE CONDITIONS. THIS REVIEW REVEALS THE EMERGING DEVELOPMENT OF THIS CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM WITH THE PROGRESSIVE CONSOLIDATION OF SOME ARCHITECTURAL ATTRIBUTES.

LAS CONSTRUCCIONES MEDIANTE IMPRESION-3D PUEDEN REDUCIR RECURSOS Y TIEMPOS DE EJECUCIÓN, IMPULSANDO LA PRODUCTIVIDAD Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD DE LA EDIFICACIÓN. SI BIEN ESTA NUEVA TECNOLOGÍA SE ESTÁ DESARROLLANDO EN DISTINTAS PARTES DEL MUNDO Y YA HAY EJEMPLOS DIVERSOS, NO SE HAN DETERMINADO LAS CONDICIONES DE DISEÑO ARQUITECTÓNICO CON ESTE NUEVO SISTEMA CONSTRUCTIVO. EL PRESENTE TRABAJO REALIZA UNA NOVEDOSA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE CARACTERÍSTICAS ARQUITECTÓNICAS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN IMPRESA-3D BASADAS EN PRUEBAS EXPERIMENTALES, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS Y MODELACIONES DIGITALES CON EL FIN DE PROMOVER ESTAS EDIFICACIONES. LAS PRUEBAS A ESCALA DE LABORATORIO, CON MEZCLAS DE MICROHORMIGÓN Y UN ROBOT KUKA R120, HAN PERMITIDO ELABORAR DIVERSOS ELEMENTOS CONSTRUCTIVOS. ADEMÁS, SE REVISAN EJEMPLOS INTERNACIONALES DE VIVIENDAS IMPRESAS Y SE ANALIZAN SUS CONDICIONES FORMALES. TAMBIÉN SE DESARROLLAN MODELOS TRIDIMENSIONALES EN BIM BASADOS EN LAS PRUEBAS Y CONDICIONES REGISTRADAS. LAS EXPERIENCIAS Y LAS REVISIONES MUESTRAN PRIMORDIALMENTE LA IMPRESIÓN DE PARAMENTOS RUGOSOS Y CURVOS QUE SUGIEREN NUEVAS POSIBILIDADES ARQUITECTÓNICAS.

NEW 3D-PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES ALLOWS TO MAKE CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS, ESPECIALLY WALLS, FASTER AND WITH FORMAL DIVERSITY. THE 3D-PRINTED ELEMENTS USUALLY HAVE SELF-SUPPORTING CAPACITIES, BUT THEY NEED TO BE REINFORCED OR INTEGRATED INTO LARGER STRUCTURES, TO MAKE BUILDINGS OF LARGE EXTENSION OR HEIGHT OF SEVERAL FLOORS. THIS WORK PROPOSES A RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY, FOCUSED ON CHILE, WHICH COMBINES A MODULAR MAIN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE WITH PARTITIONS MADE OF 3D-PRINTED WALLS TO OBTAIN DIFFERENT HOUSING ORGANIZATIONS. FOR THIS, A STRUCTURAL GRID AND RANGE OF VOLUMES ARE DEFINED IN BIM. IN ADDITION, A PARAMETRIC PROGRAMMING IS DEVELOPED AND PROTOTYPES OF 3D-PRINTED WALLS ARE MADE. THE VOLUMETRIC DEVELOPMENT PROVIDES A WIDE REPERTOIRE OF RESIDENTIAL SURFACES, WHILE THE MAIN STRUCTURE PROVIDES A GREAT FLEXIBILITY OF OCCUPANCY. THE PROGRAMMING ORGANIZES THE DESIGN AND EXECUTION PROCESS, WITH NUMERIC ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION CAPABILITIES. THE EXECUTED PROTOTYPES DEMONSTRATE A CONSTRUCTIVE FEASIBILITY AND ARCHITECTURAL APPEALING. THIS DEVELOPMENT EXPRESSES THE POSSIBILITY TO INTEGRATE 3D-PRINTING IN MASSIVE AND VARIED DWELLING CONSTRUCTION, AND SUGGESTS NEW PATHS FOR HOUSING CONSTRUCTION WITH THE APPLICATION OF NEW DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES AND AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING IN CONSTRUCTION.

THE GROWTH OF 3D CONSTRUCTION PRINTING NEEDS APPROPRIATE INTEGRATION INTO THE PLANNING AND EXECUTION PHASES OF BUILDING PROJECTS. WITH THIS AIM, THE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR (AEC) HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY ADOPTING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) SYSTEMS TO SYNCHRONIZE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES. THIS STUDY PROPOSES A TECHNICAL WORKFLOW TO MANAGE 3D CONSTRUCTION PRINTING INTO BIM MODELS, EVALUATING VARIOUS PROCEDURES ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT FEATURES. BASED ON MATURE SOFTWARE PLATFORMS, THE RESEARCH DETAILS THE DATA TRANSFER PROCESS USING A CASE STUDY OF A SINGLE-STORY HOME. THE CASE DELVES INTO DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTING WALLS OF VARIED SHAPES, ADJUSTMENTS IN WIDTH, JOINTS, OPENINGS, TEXTURES, FILLINGS, AND THE INSERTION OF REINFORCEMENTS AND SERVICES WHILE ALSO DISCUSSING REQUIREMENTS OF OTHER BUILDING ELEMENTS. WORK STEPS FOR MANAGING DESIGN INFORMATION AND CONTROLLING PRINTING MACHINES ARE DESCRIBED. THE STUDY

NOWADAYS, BIM (BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING) HAS STEADILY BEEN INTRODUCED INTO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AS A PROMISING METHODOLOGY FOR MANAGING PROJECTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO STUDY THE USERS OF ITS PROCESSES. WORLDWIDE, THERE ARE ALREADY SYSTEMS THAT CLASSIFY COMPANIES ACCORDING TO HOW THEY USE BIM, ALTHOUGH ONLY A FEW STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED ON HOW INDIVIDUAL USERS ARE CLASSIFIED. HENCE, THE PRESENT STUDY SOUGHT TO DEVELOP A MODEL THAT CHARACTERIZED BIM USERS BASED ON SEVERAL PARAMETERS. THE METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED DEFINED VARIABLES BASED ON A LITERATURE REVIEW, WHICH EXPERTS SUBSEQUENTLY VALIDATED. THESE VARIABLES MADE IT POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP THE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT: A STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE APPLIED TO CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS. THE NECESSARY PARAMETERS FOR THE USER CHARACTERIZATION MODEL WERE EXTRACTED USING THE PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES (PLS) METHOD. THIS MODEL MET THE STRUCTURAL EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENT CRITERIA, WHICH CONFIRMED THAT IT WAS VALID AND RELIABLE. IT WAS FOUND THAT THREE MAIN ASPECTS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED USERS: (I) THEIR USE AND COMMAND OF THE SOFTWARE AND THE METHODOLOGY, (II) THE EXPERIENCE AND DEGREE OF ADOPTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY, AND (III) THE INDIVIDUAL'S KNOWLEDGE OF PROCESS LEVELS AND STANDARDIZATION CONCERNING BIM.