ENGINEERING EDUCATION HAS EVOLVED OVER THE LAST DECADES WITH THE INCORPORATION OF INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL METHODS, SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES, AND AN ORIENTATION TO SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND SUSTAINABILITY. SUCH EVOLUTION INCLUDES A RECENT SHIFT OF PROMINENCE, FROM THE OBSOLETE ROLE OF PROFESSORS AS UNIQUE AUTHORIZED SOURCES OF TRUTH AND WISDOM, TOWARDS MORE DEMOCRATIC CONTEXTS WITH STUDENTS AS KEY PLAYERS, PROFESSORS AS FACILITATORS, AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF SOCIETAL STAKEHOLDERS FOR ACHIEVING TRULY TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES. ALONG THIS PROCESS OF CHANGE DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL PARADIGMS HAVE PREVAILED INCLUDING POSITIVISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM, AND THE SOCIO-CRITICAL AND COMMUNICATIVE CRITICAL PARADIGMS. FREQUENTLY, THESE MODELS HAVE BEEN PRESENTED AS OPPOSED OR INCOMPATIBLE. NOT ANYMORE, AS ACCORDING TO THE AUTHORS? PERSPECTIVE THESE PARADIGMS CONVERGE IN A """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""FLUID TRANSFORMATIVE"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" PARADIGM, PRESENTED HERE FOR THE FIRST TIME, WHICH IS ADAPTED FOR THE NEW HIGHLY DYNAMIC CONTEXT OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION 5.0.

THIS PAPER SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THE ESTIMATION OF THE GINI INDEX FROM WORKERS IN THE CHILEAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. AS KNOWN, THIS COEFFICIENT IS A MEASURE OF STATISTICAL DISPERSION INTENDED TO REPRESENT THE INCOME INEQUALITY WITHIN A SOCIAL GROUP. THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD), THE WORLD BANK, AND THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) HAVE CALCULATED THIS INDEX FOR A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF COUNTRIES TO CLASSIFY THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVEL OF INEQUALITY, WHERE THIS STUDY MAY HELP EXPAND THE REACH OF THIS TYPE OF ANALYSES TO OTHER ECONOMIC SECTORS. THUS, IN THIS RESEARCH THE GINI INDEX FOR WORKERS IN THE CHILEAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WAS CALCULATED FOR EACH GEOGRAPHICAL REGION IN CHILE, TO KNOW THE DIFFERENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AMONG THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF CHILE, IN TERMS OF THE WORKERS' SALARY INEQUALITY, AND ALONG WITH IT, TO COMPLEMENT THE LIMITED STUDIES IN THIS REGARD. TO ESTIMATE THE GINI INDEX, IT WAS NECESSARY TO COLLECT THE DATA AVAILABLE IN CHILEAN INSTITUTIONS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF INEQUALITY WHEN THE GINI INDEX IS CALCULATED FOR HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS; HOWEVER, WHEN THE ANALYSIS CONSIDERS WORKERS WITH DIFFERENT ACADEMIC BACKGROUNDS (WITH AND WITHOUT PROFESSIONAL DEGREES) IMPORTANT INEQUALITY LEVELS APPEAR.

THIS PANEL SEEKS TO GENERATE A DISCUSSION SPACE AROUND THE QUESTION ?HOW DO WE TEACH IN ENGINEERING? AND SPECIFICALLY WHICH ARE THE MOST APPROPRIATE TEACHING-LEARNING TECHNIQUES THAT ENGINEERING EDUCATORS USE, BASED ON DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL PARADIGMS. THIS ACADEMIC AND PRACTICAL DISCUSSION WILL BE UNDERTAKEN UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE ESTABLISHED IN THE RECENTLY LAUNCHED BOOK IN SPANISH ?PARADIGMAS EDUCATIVOS Y ESTRATEGIAS DIDÁCTICAS PARA EL PROFESORADO UNIVERSITARIO? (?HOW DO WE TEACH IN ENGINEERING? EDUCATIONAL PARADIGMS AND TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR UNIVERSITY EDUCATORS?).

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND THE PRODUCTION OF INPUTS IN THIS SECTOR ARE THE ACTIVITIES THAT SHOW THE HIGHEST RATES OF CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS AND RAW MATERIALS WORLDWIDE. THIS RESEARCH PROPOSES A METHODOLOGY THAT INCORPORATES THE ESTIMATION AND COST ASSOCIATED WITH THE WASTE GENERATED IN CONSTRUCTION, INCORPORATING THE ?LOSS FACTOR? TO THE UNIT COST ANALYSIS (UCA) THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COST OF LOSS OF A PARTICULAR MATERIAL. IN ADDITION, IT IS PROPOSED TO INCORPORATE THE TYPIFICATION OF THE ?ÁBACO-CHILE? OF THE WASTE GENERATED BY EACH MATERIAL DEFINED IN THE UCA. ON THE OTHER HAND, A SURVEY IS CARRIED OUT AMONG 71 CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS, FOR THEM TO ESTIMATE, ACCORDING TO THEIR EXPERIENCE AND CRITERIA, THE LOSS FACTOR (%) ASSOCIATED WITH THE COST OF THE MOST INCIDENT MATERIALS IN THE GENERATION OF WASTE IN THE CONSTRUCTION. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE SURVEY, THE PROBABILISTIC DISTRIBUTION THAT BEST FITS THE MATERIALS IS DETERMINED, THROUGH THE CRYSTAL BALL SOFTWARE, DETERMINING THE MOST PROBABLE LOSS FACTOR (%), WHICH WOULD BE THE MOST RECOMMENDED IN CASE OF NOT KNOWING HOW TO ESTIMATE THE LOSS FACTOR. PROPER WASTE TYPIFICATION AND RELIABLE ESTIMATION OF THE COST OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE BEFORE THE COMMENCEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES WILL HELP DECISION-MAKERS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE COST IMPLICATION OF WASTE GENERATION AND IMPROVE THEIR DECISION-MAKING IN DEVELOPING THE APPROPRIATE STRATEGY THAT CAN MITIGATE CONSTRUCTION WASTE GENERATION.

THIS WORK SEEKS TO FIND THE MOST VALUABLE RESEARCHER (MVR) WITHIN THE ACADEMICS OF FACULTIES OF ENGINEERING AND BUSINESS OF A UNIVERSITY IN CHILE, APPLYING BIBLIOMETRIC INDICATORS AND COLLABORATION NETWORKS. THE METHODOLOGY CONSISTED IN REVIEWING THE LITERATURE REFERRING TO SIMILAR BIBLIOMETRIC STUDIES FROM OPEN DATABASES, SUCH AS SCIELO AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR. AS A RESULT OF THE STUDY, A MODEL WAS PROPOSED BASED ON THE MAIN BIBLIOMETRIC INDICATORS USED, WITH IT WAS POSSIBLE TO FILTER THE RESEARCHERS FROM BOTH FACULTIES AND ESTABLISH A RANKING WITH THOSE ACADEMICS WITH THE BEST RESULTS AND THE CURRENT SITUATION FACING THE RESEARCH IN EACH UNIT. THIS RANKING INDICATES THE STANDARD THAT THE MOST VALUABLE RESEARCHERS HAVE, IDENTIFYING THAT THE VARIABLE ?COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS? HAS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PRODUCTIVITY OF RESEARCHERS AND, ALSO, THE EXISTENCE OF CORRELATIONS WITH INDICATORS OF NETWORK GRADE, CO-AUTHORSHIP, AND RESEARCH AREA. THIS WORK SEEKS TO DELIVER RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD INCLUDE OTHER DATABASES AND EXPAND THE SCOPE BY REGION, COUNTRY, AND AREA OF EXPERTISE, AND CONSIDER OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS THE AGE OF THE RESEARCHER, FORMS OF CITATION, AND CHARACTERISTICS BY AREA OF KNOWLEDGE, AS WELL AS DEEPEN THE CONCEPT OF MVR, AND ITS VIRTUOUS EFFECT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AN ACADEMIC UNIT.