THIS PAPER PRESENTS A 27-LEVEL ASYMMETRIC MULTILEVEL SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER TOPOLOGY THAT ALLOWS THE COMPENSATION OF A NONLINEAR LOAD, AS WELL AS THE DC VOLTAGE REGULATION THANKS TO A COMPREHENSIVE CONTROL STRATEGY. THE TOPOLOGY CONSIDERS THE RATIO 9?3?1 IN ORDER TO GENERATE THE AC WAVEFORM WITH A SIMPLE STAIRCASE MODULATION ALGORITHM. THE DYNAMIC MODEL OF THE PROPOSED TOPOLOGY IS OBTAINED AND VALIDATED WITH A SIMPLE OPEN LOOP SIMULATION. A SUITABLE LINEAR MASTER-SLAVE CONTROL SCHEME IS PRESENTED IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE CURRENT TRACKING AND THE DC VOLTAGE REGULATION. THE PROPERNESS OF THE PROPOSAL IS VERIFIED TROUGH DYNAMIC AND STATIONARY TESTS.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A NEW METHOD FOR VOLTAGE DISTORTION ELIMINATION IN SINGLE-PHASE STAND-ALONE INVERTERS. IN FACT, THE COOPERATION OF A SELECTIVE HARMONIC ELIMINATION APPROACH WITH A FEED-FORWARD METHOD ELIMINATES THE HARMONICS MORE EFFECTIVELY. IN THIS PAPER FIRST, CONVENTIONAL METHODS BASED ON SELECTIVE HARMONIC ELIMINATION AND FEED-FORWARD COMPENSATION ARE PRESENTED. THEN, A NEW APPROACH BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF SELECTIVE HARMONIC ELIMINATION AND FEED-FORWARD COMPENSATION IS PROPOSED, WHICH COMPENSATES FOR THE HARMONICS MUCH BETTER AND HAS BETTER FUNCTIONALITY IN ELIMINATION OF THE VOLTAGE DISTORTIONS. THE RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED METHOD ARE VALIDATED ON A 5 KW PROTOTYPE. © 2023 IEEE.

THE EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SHADING OR DUST ACCUMULATION ON THE PANELS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE GRID CAN GENERATE A CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN ENERGY PERFORMANCE, BEING NECESSARY TO PROVIDE THE APPROPRIATE VOLTAGE TO THE GRID REGARDLESS OF THE IRRADIANCE LEVEL. THIS PAPER ADDRESSES THIS PROBLEM AND PRESENTS A COMPREHENSIVE CONTROL STRATEGY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION FOR A GRID-CONNECTED MICROINVERTER COMPOSED OF A PUSH?PULL CONVERTER FOLLOWED BY AN H-BRIDGE INVERTER. IN THE PUSH?PULL CONVERTER, A HYBRID MPPT ALGORITHM AND A PI CONTROL ENABLE WORK IN THE MPP OF THE PV PANEL. IN THE H-BRIDGE INVERTER, A CASCADE CONTROL CONSISTING OF A PI CONTROL AND A PREDICTIVE CONTROL ALLOWS THE CONNECTION TO THE GRID. A PROOF-OF-CONCEPT PROTOTYPE IS IMPLEMENTED IN ORDER TO VALIDATE THE PROPOSAL. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS WERE PERFORMED BY CONNECTING THE MICROINVERTER TO A PV PANEL AND A PROGRAMMABLE PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL EMULATOR TO CHECK THE MPPT PERFORMANCE. FURTHERMORE, PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS WERE SIMULATED ON THE DC SOURCE TO CHECK IF THE GLOBAL MAXIMUM POWER POINT IS REACHED. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE FEASIBILITY OF THE TOPOLOGY AND THE CONTROL APPROACH, OBTAINING MPPT PERFORMANCE IN THE TOPOLOGY ABOVE 99% AT DIFFERENT POWER AND VOLTAGE LEVELS ON THE MPPT, EVEN IN THE PRESENCE OF PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS.

THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A PREDICTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY TO CONTROL A PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANT BASED ON BIFACIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (BPV) PANELS CONNECTED TO THE ELECTRICAL GRID THROUGH A THREE-PHASE NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED (NPC) POWER CONVERTER. ELECTRICITY GENERATION PLANTS BASED ON NONCONVENTIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGIES ARE AFFECTED BY THE AVAILABILITY OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE AND GRID CHANGES. TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND EQUIPMENT, BPV CELLS MUST OPERATE AT THE MAXIMUM POWER POINT AND THE CURRENTS INJECTED INTO A GRID MUST BE IN PHASE WITH THE VOLTAGES. DUE TO THE HIGH NUMBER OF STATES, ONE IMPORTANT DRAWBACK OF CONVENTIONAL PREDICTIVE CONTROL IN THE NPC CONVERTER IS ITS COMPUTATIONAL BURDEN. THE PROPOSED CONTROLLER AVOIDS THE USE OF A COST FUNCTION AND CAN ACHIEVE THE SAME CONTROL OBJECTIVES WITH ONLY 20% OF THE COMPUTATIONAL COST OF THE CONVENTIONAL STRATEGY. TO ACHIEVE THIS REDUCTION THE PROPOSED STRATEGY EXPLOITS THE OPERATING AREA OF THE CONVERTER, SEPARATING THE POSSIBLE VOLTAGES IN HEXAGONS, WHICH RESULTS IN A SHAPE LIKE A HONEYCOMB. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SHOW THE FEASIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED METHOD IN DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS.

SOLAR POWER GENERATION HAS BECOME A SOLUTION TO MITIGATE THE SEVERE EFFECTS ON THE EVERYDAY HIGHER PRICES OF FOSSIL FUELS. ADDITIONALLY, RENEWABLE ENERGIES OPERATION -AS SOLAR- RESULTS IN A NON-POLLUTING WAY TO SUPPLY ENERGY, BEING OF SPECIAL INTEREST INTO HIGHLY CONTAMINATED CITIES AND/OR COUNTRIES. THE SOLAR ENERGY EFFICIENCY INJECTION SYSTEM IS KNOWN TO BE HIGH AND MAINLY DUE TO THE POWER CONVERTERS EFFECTIVENESS, WHICH IS OVER OF 95% FOR LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE. HOWEVER, THIS EFFICIENCY IS REDUCED WHEN THE SOLAR ARRAY IS PARTIALLY SHADED BECAUSE TRADITIONAL MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT) ALGORITHMS ARE NOT ABLE TO FIND THE MAXIMUM POWER POINT (MPP) UNDER IRREGULAR RADIATION. THIS WORK PRESENTS A NEW ALGORITHM TO FIND THE GLOBAL MPP (GMPP) BASED UPON TWO MPPTS ALGORITHMS USED REGULARLY IN UNIFORM SOLAR CONDITION (USC), THESE ARE THE MEASURING CELL (MC) AND THE PERTURB AND OBSERVE (P&O) METHODS. THE MC ENSURES TO FIND THE SURROUNDINGS OF EVERY LOCAL MPP (LMPP) FASTER AND THEN CHOOSE AMONG THEM THE SURROUNDINGS OF THE GMPP. ONCE THE SURROUNDINGS OF GMPP ARE FOUND, THE P&O IS USED TO GET CLOSER TO THE GMPP BUT REDUCING THE DC VOLTAGE OSCILLATION TO ZERO HENCE OVERCOMING THE MAIN ISSUE OF THE P&O. THUS, THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM FINDS THE GMPP IN TWO MAIN STEPS AND ELIMINATES THE OSCILLATIONS AROUND THE GMPP IN STEADY STATE, DESPITE THE UTILIZATION OF THE P&O. THE ALGORITHM IS DETAILED MATHEMATICALLY, ILLUSTRATED BY MEANS OF A BLOCK DIAGRAM, AND VALIDATED IN SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A NOVEL SIMPLIFIED METHOD TO IMPLEMENT THE FINITE SET -MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE AC NETWORK. THIS METHOD MAINTAINS THE ADVANTAGES OF THE CONVENTIONAL FINITE SET -MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL, SUCH AS FAST RESPONSE, SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATION, AND EASY UNDERSTANDING; BUT IT ALSO ELIMINATES THE USE OF A COST FUNCTION AND HENCE THE WEIGHTING FACTORS, INSTEAD, IT FINDS THE OPTIMAL OPERATING STATE DIRECTLY FROM THE MODEL AND THE DISCRETE NUMBER OF VALID STATES OF THE CONVERTER. ALTHOUGH THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM DOES NOT COMPUTE A COST FUNCTION, IT IS ABLE TO SELECT THE INVERTER STATE THAT MINIMIZES THE TRACKING ERROR BY USING A HEXAGONAL CONVERGENCE REGION. THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS TO REDUCE THE COMPUTATIONAL COST IN 43THAT SELECTS THE BEST STATE, PRESENTING A SIMPLE AND COMPLETE ALGORITHM WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE PREDICTIVE CONTROL PERFORMANCE. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM PROPERLY OPERATES UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHANGES IN THE NETWORK FREQUENCY AND CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM PARAMETERS.

THREE-PHASE ACTIVE FRONT END RECTIFIERS ARE A WIDELY USED POWER TOPOLOGY IN APPLICATIONS SUCH AS RENEWABLE ENERGY INTERFACES AND MOTOR DRIVES, AMONG MANY OTHERS. ITS CONTROL IS USUALLY PERFORMED BY A CASCADE COMBINATION OF LINEAR CONTROLLERS WHICH MUST BE PROPERLY TUNED FOR CORRECT OPERATION, AND WHICH DEPEND ON THE OPERATING POINT AND SYSTEM PARAMETERS. THESE FAMILY OF CONTROLLERS PLACE INHERENT LIMITS ON THE SYSTEM DYNAMIC RESPONSE. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE PREDICTIVE CONTROL APPROACH HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR THESE CONVERTERS DUE TO ITS FAST DYNAMIC RESPONSE, SIMPLE CONCEPT, FLEXIBILITY, MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE CAPABILITY, AMONG OTHER DESIRABLE PROPERTIES. IN THE CASE OF POWER CONVERTER APPLICATIONS, SHORT PREDICTION HORIZONS ARE USUALLY USED DUE TO COMPUTATIONAL LIMITATIONS. HOWEVER, WHEN SHORT HORIZONS ARE CONSIDERED, THE NON-MINIMUM PHASE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RECTIFIER VOLTAGE RESPONSE CAN INTRODUCE STABILITY ISSUES, AS ITS DIRECT INVERSION IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT JEOPARDIZING IT. INDEED, THIS MAY LEAD TO VOLTAGE REGULATION LOSS, AND IN THE WORST CASE, OVERCURRENTS THAT COULD DAMAGE THE CONVERTER. TO OVERCOME SUCH PROBLEM, THIS PAPER PROPOSES A NEW CONCEPT FOR A PREDICTIVE HORIZON ONE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER FOR GRID-CONNECTED THREE-PHASE ACTIVE FRONT END RECTIFIERS. THE PROPOSAL IS BASED ON THE MINIMUM AND NON-MINIMUM PHASE PLANT FACTORIZATION CONCEPT AND THE USE OF DIFFERENT SAMPLING PERIODS, TO PREVENT THE DIRECT INVERSION OF THE NON-MINIMUM PHASE VOLTAGE DYNAMIC. SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ARE INCLUDED AND SHOW ITS CORRECT OPERATION, EVEN WITH A HORIZON ONE PREDICTIVE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER, THUS ENSURING THE FASTEST RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM FOR A GIVEN SAMPLING TIME.

OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES, THE CONSOLIDATED GOAL OF REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASSES HAS INCREASED THE RELEVANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH, ELECTROMOBILITY, ENERGY STORAGE, AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATION, MICRO-GRIDS, AMONG OTHERS. MICRO-GRIDS, SYSTEMS WORKING IN ISLANDING MODE, ARE PARTICULAR CASES WHERE SOME DISADVANTAGES ARE PRESENT DUE TO THE WIDE VARIATIONS WHICH MAY APPEAR ACROSS THEIR ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES. VARIATIONS ON THE VOLTAGE AMPLITUDE AND THE FREQUENCY ARE INTRINSIC IN THE OPERATION OF WEAK GRIDS, BECAUSE THEY HAVE LOW INERTIA AND THEREFORE THE LOAD MUST BE ABLE TO COPE WITH THESE VARIATIONS, OTHERWISE LOADS MAY TRIP ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROTECTION. PARTICULARLY, ON POWER ELECTRONIC DRIVES, THESE FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS WILL LEAD TO INCREASED SYSTEM NONLINEARITIES, ENTAILING A MORE CRITICAL CONTROLLER DESIGN. TO OVERCOME THESE ISSUES, THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN IMPLEMENTATION OF A RESONANT CONTROLLER WITH SELF-TUNED GAINS. THE STRATEGY IMPOSES A CONSTANT SAMPLING TIME WHICH ALLOWS THESE CONTROLLERS TO BE USED IN VARIABLE FREQUENCY ENVIRONMENTS. IN ADDITION, THE COMPUTATIONAL CAPACITY REQUIRED FOR THE DIGITAL BOARD IS ALSO CONSIDERED. THE SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS PROVIDED DEMONSTRATE THE GOOD PERFORMANCE OF THIS PROPOSAL.

SOLAR ENERGY CAN BE CAPTURED BY PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) AND CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL POWER. THIS ELECTRICAL POWER CAN THEN BE CONNECTED TO GRIDS BY POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS, WHICH CAN ALSO OPERATE THE PV PANELS AT AROUND THEIR MAXIMUM POWER POINT (MPP), MAXIMIZING THE HARVESTED ENERGY. WHEN THE PV PANELS ARE CONNECTED IN AN ARRAY, THE PARTIAL SHADING EFFECT GENERATES A DISTORTION OF THE POWER CURVE CAN RESULT IN A POWER LOSS SINCE TRACKING ALGORITHMS MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO DETECT THE MPP. TO SOLVE THIS ISSUE MICROINVERTERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED, WITH A SMALL POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER BEING CONNECTED TO EACH PV PANEL, THIS ARRANGEMENT ENABLES INDEPENDENCE FOR MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING AND ELECTRICAL ISOLATION. THIS PAPER PRESENTS A DOUBLE OUTPUT MULTIPORT MICROINVERTER CAPABLE OF FEEDING DC AND AC LOADS OR PROVIDING CONNECTION TO A SINGLE-PHASE AC GRID AND ENERGY STORAGE. THE PROPOSED STRUCTURE CAN BE OPERATED IN GRID-CONNECTED AND ISLANDED MODES. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE MICROINVERTER CONTROLLED WITH THE EXACT LINEARIZATION TECHNIQUE ON BOTH THE DC AND AC SIDES, OBTAINING A LINEAL TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION OF THE NONLINEAR AND COUPLED POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS. THE OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED TOPOLOGY AND ITS CONTROL STRATEGY IS VALIDATED USING A LABORATORY PROOF-OF-CONCEPT PROTOTYPE.

THE COST FUNCTION SELECTION IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST RELEVANT ASPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES. IN THIS PAPER A STUDY OF THE MOST COMMON COST FUNCTIONS USED FOR THE CONTROL OF A TWO LEVEL VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER IS PRESENTED. THE PAPER INTRODUCES SEVERAL COST FUNCTION ALTERNATIVES THAT COULD BE CONSIDERED FOR DIFFERENT POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER APPLICATIONS TO COMPARE THE IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTING CONVERTER WAVEFORMS. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL IS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIFFERENT CONTROL OBJECTIVES IN POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS.

IN THIS PAPER, AN OPERATION SCHEME FOR A SINGLE-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED QUASI-IMPEDANCE SOURCE INVERTER (QZSI) IS PROPOSED. THE PROPOSAL INDICATES THAT, TO ACHIEVE A MORE STABLE OPERATION FOR THE MICROGRIDS, THE QZSI MUST EMULATE THE INERTIA OF A REAL SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (SM) THROUGH A VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATION (VSG) STRATEGY. THE PROPOSED VSG STRATEGY GENERATES THE SETPOINTS FOR THE AC AND DC SIDES OF THE CONVERTER. THESE REFERENCES ARE TAKEN BY A DIRECT MODEL-BASED PREDICTIVE CONTROL (MPC) SCHEME THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE INVERTER. FOR IMPLEMENTING THE MPC SCHEME, THE MODEL OF THE QZSI WILL ALLOW PREDICTING THE VARIABLES THAT MUST BE CONTROLLED. SIMULATIONS ARE SHOWN TO DEMONSTRATE THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS PROPOSAL. IN THE SIMULATIONS A DESIRABLE PERFORMANCE OF THE CONVERTER WILL BE OBSERVED, CONTROLLING THE POWER INJECTION TO A SINGLE-PHASE GRID AS IF THIS CONVERTER WERE AN SM.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A NOVEL APPROACH TO IMPLEMENT A MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER BASED ON ASYMMETRIC MODULES. THE PRESENTED ASYMMETRIC MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER IS ABLE TO GENERATE UP TO 27 LEVEL WITH 3 MODULES PER ARM THANKS TO THE RATIO 9:3:1 AMONG THE POWER CELLS. THE BALANCE CONTROL OF THE CAPACITORS OF THE TOPOLOGY IS MADE USING THE REDUNDANT STATES OF THE TOPOLOGY. THE FEASIBILITY OF THE PROPOSAL IS VALIDATED WITH COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATIONS IN THE TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS OF A SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER.

THIS WORK PROPOSES A MULTICELL TOPOLOGY BASED ON CURRENT-SOURCE CELLS IN ORDER TO INHERIT THE ADVANTAGES OF CURRENT-SOURCE TOPOLOGIES SUCH AS REDUCED LOAD DV/DT VOLTAGE AND NATURAL BIDIRECTIONAL POWER FLOW AND TO ADOPT A SIMILAR BEHAVIOR OF THE MULTICELL TOPOLOGY BASED ON A VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER SUCH AS VOLTAGE CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR WHERE N C CELLS ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES TO FEED ONE LOAD PHASE. IN ORDER TO CHECK THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED TOPOLOGY, A MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS INTRODUCED AND STUDIED AND KEY DESIGN GUIDELINES OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS ARE DEFINED. THE ANALYSIS SHOWS THE POSSIBILITY OF USING COMPONENTS WITH A LOWER VOLTAGE RATING THAN THAT OF THE CLASSIC MULTILEVEL CURRENT SOURCE TOPOLOGIES AND ALLOWS THE USE OF LOW SWITCHING FREQUENCIES IN BOTH RECTIFIER AND INVERTER STAGES WHILE AT THE SAME TIME OBTAINING A HIGH-QUALITY WAVEFORM IN BOTH LOAD VOLTAGE AND CONVERTER INPUT CURRENTS. A CASE OF EXAMPLE IS USED TO CORROBORATE THE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND THE COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY, AS WELL AS THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TOPOLOGY USING A LOW-POWER PROTOTYPE.

THIS CHAPTER REVIEWS THE CASCADED H-BRIDGE (CHB) BASED ON CURRENT-SOURCE INVERTER(CSI) TOPOLOGY. FIRST, THE DESCRIPTION OF POWER TOPOLOGY IS PRESENTED FROM THE POINT OFVIEW OF THE CURRENT-SOURCE SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER AND IT CONNECTION IN SERIES WITH OTHERSINVERTERS. THEN, MODULATION OF THE SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER IS STUDIED, INCLUDING THE USE OFMULTI-LEVEL MODULATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR USE IN THE PROPOSED POWER TOPOLOGY AREREVIEWED AND SIMULATED. NEXT, KEY DESIGN GUIDELINES OF THE OUTPUT CAPACITOR AND THE DCINDUCTOR ARE REVIEWED. FINALLY, AN APPLICATION EXAMPLE FOR AC DRIVES SIMULATED IN PSIMIS PRESENTED. FROM THE STUDY, IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF THETOPOLOGY IS THE QUALITY OF BOTH INPUT CURRENTS AND LOAD VOLTAGE, WHILE ITS MAIN DRAWBACKIS THE USE OF A BULKY DC INDUCTOR BECAUSE OF THE USE OF CURRENT-SOURCE INVERTERS AND THEOSCILLATING POWER DRAINED BY THE INVERTER FROM THE DC SIDE. IN THE SAME WAY OF CLASSICCASCADED H-BRIDGE TOPOLOGIES, THE USE OF THE PROPOSAL TOPOLOGY ALLOWS US TO USE SEMI-CONDUCTORS AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS WITH LOWER VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATING THAN THEVOLTAGE AND CURRENT REQUIRED BY THE LOAD.

THIS WORK ALLOWS CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING THE CONSUMPTION PROFILES OF NON-RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS (WITHOUT DISTRIBUTED GENERATION) BASED ON THE CONSUMPTION CURVES OBTAINED FROM THE RECORDS REPORTED BY 934 SMART METERS IN THE PERIOD FROM JANUARY TO DECEMBER 2019, AND WHICH BELONG TO AN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY IN CHILE, SAESA GROUP S.A. TO ACHIEVE THE CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONSUMPTION PROFILES, THREE TYPICAL DAYS ARE ANALYZED AND DETERMINED, WHICH CORRESPOND TO WORKING DAYS (MONDAY TO FRIDAY), SATURDAYS, AND SUNDAYS OR HOLIDAYS. THESE THREE TYPICAL DAYS ARE ANALYZED FOR EACH TRIMESTER OF 2019. THE DATA PROCESSING IS CARRIED OUT ON THE POWER BI AND MATLAB® PLATFORMS. IN POWER BI, THE DATA PROVIDED BY THE ELECTRICITY COMPANY ARE WORKED, OBTAINING THE AVERAGE CONSUMPTION CURVES FOR EACH CLIENT IN EACH PERIOD OF STUDY CONSIDERED, WHILE INMATLAB®, THE VISUALIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE CURVES IS CARRIED OUT USING THE K-MEANS ALGORITHM, TO FINALLY OBTAIN THE RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. THE RESULTS SHOW THE EXISTENCE OF SEVEN TYPICAL PROFILES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BEHAVIOR OF NON-RESIDENTIAL CLIENTS, WHICH, IN SOME CASES, SHOW SIMILAR BEHAVIORS, DESPITE BEING FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES.

IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, A RISE IN THE PLANET EARTH POLLUTION HAS BROUGHT FORWARD A NECESITY FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND DIFFERENT WAYS TO EXPLOIT THEM IN ORDER TO REPLACE COAL, OIL AND GAS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE ENTIRE WORLD IS LOOKING FORWARD TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY BY THE MEANS OF -MAINLY- SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY, BUT ALSO SEARCHING FOR OTHER CLEAN ALTERNATIVES. THIS ELECTRICITY MAY BE USED TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE INTO AND OUT OF THE CITIES, HELPING TO REDUCE POLLUTION GASES THAT EVERY DAY SATURATES BIG TOWNS. IN FACT, IT IS EXPECTED FOR ELECTROMOBILITY TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT WAY TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE BY 2050, AND THEREFORE, THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROPER CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR ELECTRIC MACHINES BECOME IMPERATIVE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE DRIVING AND SAFETY IN MODERN POWERTRAINS. THIS PAPER STUDIES AND REVIEWS SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS, WITH A SPECIAL MENTION ABOUT, REGENERATIVE BRAKING, GRIP IMPROVEMENT, AND VECTORIAL TORQUE CONTROL CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE CAR DYNAMICS. AS RESULTS, THIS DOCUMENT SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN CONTROL SUCH AS MPC (MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL) WHICH HELPS WITH CRITICAL SAFETY DECISIONS THAT MAKE THE CAR STABLE, DTC (DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL) WHICH LABOR IS TO ENSURE THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF TORQUE IS PRODUCED BY THE POWER UNIT IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE DECISIONS MADE BY THE MPC OR THE FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS. ALL THESE CONTROL STRATEGIES MAKE CARS EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE, SAFE AND ROBUST THAN TRADITIONAL COMBUSTION ONES.

POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY ARE INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASCADED MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS. HOWEVER, IN SOME CONVERTERS, EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TO ENSURE THE DURABILITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE EQUIPMENT. THIS IS THE CASE OF THE SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT SOURCE CASCADED INVERTER (SPCS-CI) IN WHICH, DUE TO POSSIBLE DIFFERENCES IN THE DC INPUT CURRENT TO EACH INVERTER OF THE SYSTEM, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO LIMIT EACH OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF EACH UNIT. THIS CAN BE DONE THROUGH A LINEAR CONTROL STRATEGY. IN THIS WORK, THE MODEL AND THE MATHEMATICS OF THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY UNBALANCED DC CURRENTS IN THE DESCRIBED CASCADED SYSTEM ARE PRESENTED. FURTHERMORE, A CONTROL SCHEME BASED ON D-Q REFERENCE FRAME COMPONENTS IS PROPOSED. ALONG WITH THIS, A CONTROL FOR THE DC COMPONENT VOLTAGES IN THE INDIVIDUAL OUTPUTS OF EACH INVERTER IS ADDED, WHICH CANNOT BE COMPENSATED COMPLETELY BY THE D-Q SCHEME. THE PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY IS A LINEAR SCHEME WITH AN UPDATABLE DECOUPLER THAT ALLOWS TO CONTROL D-Q AND DC VOLTAGES IN A SET OF SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT SOURCE INVERTERS DISPOSED IN A CASCADED ARRANGEMENT. SIMULATED RESULTS SHOW THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME.

PARALLEL-CONNECTED FAULT CURRENT ATTENUATOR (PFCA) IS A NOVEL CONCEPT FOR ACTIVE REDUCTION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS (SCCS) THROUGH CIRCUIT BREAKERS (CBS) IN POWER DISTRIBUTION GRIDS. THE SUSTAINED INCREASE IN THE SCCS COULD EXCEED THE RATING OF THE CBS, DANGEROUSLY SPREADING THE FAULT. SEVERAL SERIES-CONNECTED SCHEMES, SUCH AS FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS AND SERIES REACTORS, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN RECENT DECADES TO REDUCE THESE HIGH CURRENTS. THIS ARTICLE DESIGNS AND EXPERIMENTALLY VERIFIES THE FEASIBILITY OF A PARALLEL-CONNECTED POWER CONVERTER TO REDUCE THE SCCS, OPERATING AS A CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE BY ABSORBING CURRENT FROM THE FAULT POINT. THIS NEW CONFIGURATION REDUCES THE SCCS IN ALL CBS OF AN ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION. THE PROPOSED PFCA IS IMPLEMENTED USING A SINGLE-PHASE NEUTRAL-POINT CLAMPED (NPC) CONVERTER AND TESTED USING A PREDICTIVE CURRENT CONTROL SCHEME FOR SHORT-CIRCUITS IN A SCALED-DOWN POWER SYSTEM. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME, REDUCING SIGNIFICANTLY THE FIRST SCC PEAK, EVEN WHEN THE AC BUS VOLTAGE IS CLOSE TO ZERO.