CHILE BEGINS TO INCORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES IN ITS STATE POLICIES AT THE SECTOR LEVEL, WHICH HAS CREATED A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR THE BUILDING SECTOR, BY ENCOURAGING IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF BUILDINGS. THIS ARTICLE SHOWS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS BETWEEN THE TWO MOST COMMON CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS PROPOSED BY THE MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING IN CHILE: (A) STRUCTURAL WALL OF RADIATA PINE AND (B) REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL. FOR THIS ANALYSIS, WAS USED A COMPUTER TOOL NAMED ÁBACO-CHILE, WHICH ALLOWS THE INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA FROM ANY BUILDING PROJECTS BUDGET. ÁBACO-CHILE TOOL WAS DESIGNED TO INCORPORATE, ON EACH BUDGET ITEM, AN ECONOMIC COST, A SOCIAL COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS OF CONTAINED ENERGY AND CARBON FOOTPRINT, USING THE FIRST CHILEAN-SITE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS SHOW THAT THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS EVALUATED ARE MUCH HIGHER ON ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION IN THE CASE OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION, SURPASSING ALMOST 70 TIMES THE VALUES OF THE STRUCTURAL WALL OF RADIATA PINE. CONSIDERING THESE RESULTS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONCLUDE THAT ABACO-CHILE IS A USEFUL TOOL TO IDENTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE EARLY DESIGN STAGE OF ANY BUILDINGS PROJECT AND ALSO THAT THIS ANALYSIS ALLOWS AN ADVANCE INCORPORATION OF SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA IN BUILDINGS PROJECTS IN CHILE.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO COMPARATIVELY EVALUATE THE ECO-EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE OF THE ONLY TWO MANDATORY THERMAL REGULATIONS APPLIED IN CHILE: THE GENERAL URBAN PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION ORDINANCE (OGUC), AND THE ATMOS-PHERIC DECONTAMINATION PLANS (PDA). CONSIDERING THE PDA OF THE COMMUNES OF TEMUCO AND PADRE LAS CASAS, AND THE SYSTEM LIMITS OF UNE-EN 15978:2012 FOR THE PRODUCT AND USE STAGES, THIS STUDY COVERED THE INDICATORS OF ENERGY, CARBON FOOTPRINT, ECONOMIC COST AND EMISSIONS OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5), ON THERMAL ENVELOPES OF A HOUSE. AP-PLYING THE PDA OVER THE OGUC, THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT: FIRST, THE CONTAINED ENERGY INCREASES BY 12.4%, THE CARBON FOOTPRINT BY 8.1% AND THE ECONOMIC COST BY 7.8% IN THE STAGE OF PRODUCT; AND SECOND, IT REDUCES THE DEMAND FOR HEATING, FUEL CONSUMPTION, CARBON FOOTPRINT, AND PM2.5 EMISSIONS, BY 19.4%, IN THE USE STAGE. FINALLY, THE STUDY CONCLUDES THAT, FOR CHILEAN HOMES TO IMPROVE THEIR ECO-EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE, AN EVALUATION WITH A LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) APPROACH, WHICH ALLOWS ANALYZING THEIR EVOLUTION OVER TIME, MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE MANDATORY THERMAL REGULATIONS THAT REGULATE THEM

THE TRAINING OF INDUSTRIAL OR PRODUCT DESIGNERS IN CHILE IS APPROACHED WITH A STRONG HERITAGE OF THE BAUHAUS SCHOOL THAT SEEKS, THROUGH EXPERIENCE AND FROM A PROJECTIVE AND REFLECTIVE PERSPECTIVE, A MORE DIRECT AND LESS THEORETICAL APPROACH TO REALITY. FOR THIS REASON, IT USES PROJECT-BASED LEARNING AS A TRAINING STRATEGY, FACILITATING LEARNING IN THE ACT OF DOING. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE INSTANCES AND DEPTH OF REFLECTION REQUIRED FOR A GIVEN PROJECT, THE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSIDAD DEL BIÓ-BIÓ, AS WELL AS OTHERS IN THE COUNTRY, APPLIES OBSERVATION AS A TRANSVERSAL METHOD IN ALL THE WORKSHOPS OBSERVATION, RECOGNIZED AS A LEGACY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, TAKES ON ANOTHER DIMENSION IN DESIGN WHEN APPROACHED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF PHENOMENOLOGY, SINCE PHENOMENOLOGICAL OBSERVATION DOES NOT PLACE LIMITS BETWEEN THE OBSERVING SUBJECT AND THAT WHICH IS OBSERVED. THIS ALLOWS THE DESIGNER TO CREATIVELY SCRUTINIZE THE WORLD THROUGH HIS LIFE EXPERIENCE, SO AS TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIPS AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS, OBJECTS AND ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, AT PRESENT THE VALUE EMBODIED IN OBSERVATION DOES NOT SEEM TO FIT WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL OVERCONSUMPTION AND ITS NEED FOR IMMEDIACY, NEITHER WITH ITS LEARNING TIMES NOR ITS ANALOGICAL EXPRESSION. THUS, ITS METHODOLOGY IS FALLING INTO DISUSE OR IS BEING MISUNDERSTOOD BY THE NEW GENERATIONS, AND IT IS THEREFORE PERTINENT TO ASK ABOUT ITS VALIDITY AND RELEVANCE. IN SHORT, DOES IT NEED TO BE EVALUATED TO CONTINUE WITH ITS TEACHING? OR SHOULD IT BE SIMPLY ABANDONED AS AN ARCHAIC AND EXTEMPORANEOUS METHOD.

ESTE TRABAJO PUSO EN RELIEVE UNA EXPERIENCIA PIONERA EN CHILE EN LO QUE SE REFIERE A LA GESTIÓN DE LOS RESIDUOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN Y DEMOLICIÓN (RCD). EL CASO ESTUDIADO CORRESPONDE A LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE 17 VIVIENDAS UNIFAMILIARES UBICADAS EN UN CONDOMINIO HABITACIONAL EN LA CIUDAD DE TEMUCO, REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA. PARA SU IMPLEMENTACIÓN SE APLICÓ UNA METODOLOGÍA BASADA EN UN MODELO DE GESTIÓN DE RESIDUOS DESARROLLADO EN ESPAÑA PARA ESTIMAR LOS RCD. CON LA ADOPCIÓN DE ESTA METODOLOGÍA DE SEPARACIÓN EN OBRA DE LOS RESIDUOS, LOS COSTOS MATERIALES SE REDUJERON A LA MITAD; TAMBIÉN SE REDUJO EL COSTO MEDIOAMBIENTAL DE LAS OBRAS EN CONSTRUCCIÓN. CON ELLO SE HA COMPROBADO QUE ES VIABLE LA ADAPTACIÓN DE LA METODOLOGÍA ESPAÑOLA A UN PROYECTO DE URBANIZACIÓN CHILENO. ADEMÁS, LA APLICACIÓN DE ESTA METODOLOGÍA GENERA UN TRIPLE BENEFICIO QUE REPERCUTE EN LO AMBIENTAL, LO SOCIAL Y LO ECONÓMICO. AL MISMO TIEMPO, SE HA COMPROBADO QUE LA REUTILIZACIÓN, RECICLAJE, TRATAMIENTO O ELIMINACIÓN DE LOS RESIDUOS GENERA NUEVOS DESAFÍOS EN EL PLANO LEGISLATIVO Y DE GESTIÓN DE GOBIERNO, ELEMENTOS A CONSIDERAR SI CHILE ASPIRA A ALCANZAR ESTÁNDARES DE PAÍSES COMO BRASIL O LOS DE LA COMUNIDAD EUROPEA EN LO QUE RESPECTA A LA GESTIÓN DE RCD.