THIS PAPER ANALYZES MARSILIO OF PADUA'S ECCLESIOLOGICAL THOUGHT. IT TRIES TO PROVE, FIRST, THAT HIS PROPOSAL IS BETTER UNDERSTOOD BY CONSIDERING THE AUTHOR'S PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES THAN BY HIS HISTORICAL CONTEXT; AND SECOND, THAT HIS CHURCH IDEAL WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE DURING HIS TIME.

THE ARTICLE PRESENTS A REVIEW OF MEDIEVAL STUDIES IN CHILE, IN FIRST PLACE EXPLAINSTHAT WE ARE LOCATED IN A VERY DISTANT POSITION GEOGRAPHICALLY SPEAKING, WHICHDETERMINES THE POINT OF VIEW THAT WE HAVE OF EUROPEAN ISSUES. ALSO REQUIRES THEEPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE THAT EXPLORES THE DIVERSE SUBJECTS OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY,IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GENERAL AND THE SPECI?C VIEW. SINCE THE 1950?S DECADE, ATTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHILE, MEDIEVAL STUDIES HAVE BEEN CREATED, AND THE DIVERSI?CATIONIS PRODUCED AT THE END OF THE CENTURY, NOT ONLY IN CHILEAN UNIVERSITIES LOCATED INSANTIAGO BUT ALSO IN PROVINCES. FOLLOWED BY THE CREATION OF THE CHILEAN SOCIETY OFMEDIEVAL STUDIES AND AT LAST A BIBLIOGRAPHIC APPENDIX OF THE MAIN PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE CHILEAN MEDIEVALISTS

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY SAW A HIGH POINT IN THE DIALECTICAL CONFLICT BETWEEN CIVILIZATION AND BARBARITY THAT BEGAN WITH THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENLIGHTENED PHILOSOPHERS. THIS OPPOSITION WAS DECIDEDLY NOT NEUTRAL BUT MORAL AND EXERTED A POWERFUL INFLUENCE ON THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY VIEW OF THE RECENT AND MORE DISTANT PAST. THIS REPRESENTED A WORLDVIEW. THE GRAND ASPIRATION OF EUROPEAN NATIONS WAS TO DISOWN BARBARITY AND CREATE A CIVILIZED SOCIETY. THIS REQUIRED CERTAIN IDEALS OF UNITY AND VIRTUOUS CUSTOMS, NONE OF WHICH COULD BE INSTITUTED WITHOUT A SET OF LAWS WISELY AND RIGOROUSLY ADMINISTERED BY A STRONG, CENTRALIZED STATE. IN SUCH AN ENVIRONMENT, HISTORIANS LOOKED BACK TO ANTIQUITY, PARTICULARLY THE ROMAN WORLD, WHERE, THROUGH STUDY OF LAWS, THEY DISCOVERED A SOCIETY ?ARRANGED? BY A ?STATE? THAT ENFORCED THE LAW. TRADITIONAL LEGAL HISTORY HAS CONCERNED ITSELF WITH THE CORRECT APPLICATION OF LAWS AND HAS ATTEMPTED TO DISCOVER THE ?LEGAL STATE? OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, AN INSTITUTION LIKE THE ONE (THEY BELIEVED) EXISTED BEFORE THE RUIN OF THE WESTERN ROMAN WORLD, WHICH COULD BE FOUND IN THE MODERN WORLD. I INTEND TO LOOK AT THE APPROACH OF A NUMBER OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH HISTORIANS THROUGH ONE EXEMPLARY TOPIC. A CORE ASPECT OF ANY LEGAL QUESTION CONCERNS WAYS OF RESOLVING CONFLICTS AND THROUGH THIS PRISM I WANT TO FOCUS NOT ON ORDEALS, JUDGEMENTS, AND THE LIKE, BUT REVENGE OR FAIDA.

AUNQUE NO ES SU FIN CONTAR LA HISTORIA DE LA IGLESIA MEDIEVAL, EN GRAN PARTE ES ESO LO QUE HACE EL AUTOR A PARTIR DE UN PROBLEMA ESPECÍFICO, LA CONSTITUCIÓN DEL PAPADO COMO UN PROTAGONISTA POLÍTICO DE LA EUROPA MEDIEVAL, Y DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA CLARA Y EXPLÍCITA: EL ANÁLISIS CONCEPTUAL Y JURÍDICO DEL TEMA, PERO SIN PERDER DE VISTA LA COMPLEJA TRAMA HISTÓRICA, QUE SIRVE COMO TELÓN DE FONDO PARA ESE PROCESO SORPRENDENTE QUE NOS LLEVA DESDE LA FUNDACIÓN DE SAN PEDRO EN ROMA, HASTA UNA VERDADERA MONARQUÍA CENTRALIZADA, COMO LO QUE FUE EL PAPADO DESDE EL SIGLO XIX. (JOSÉ MARÍN R.).

THE ARTICLE ASKS FOR THE AIM OF POPE ALEXANDER VI AROUND THE SO-CALLED ALEXANDRIAN BULLS. OUR PURPOSE IS TO PROVE THAT THE POPE DID NOT ACT AS AN ARBITRATOR ABOUT THE IBERIAN DISPUTES GIVEN THAT HE ALWAYS ACTED FROM HIS CAPITAL POSITION AS VICAR OF CHRIST AND SUPPORTED BY THE MEDIEVAL

DICE SU AUTOR: ?ESTE ES UN LIBRO DE HISTORIA, CONSISTENTE EN UN CONJUNTO DE ESTUDIOS EN LOS QUE HE PUESTO MÁS QUE NADA REFLEXIÓN, SIRVIÉNDOME SUTILMENTE DE LA ANTROPOLOGÍA HISTÓRICA PARA LLEGAR A COMPRENDER LA MENTALIDAD O, COMO SE ESTILA HOY, EL SISTEMA DE VALORES DEL HOMBRE MEDIEVAL. ME HE OCUPADO DE GRANDES TEMAS CON UNA MIRADA GLOBAL DEL TIEMPO, DEL ESPACIO, DE LA ENSEÑANZA UNIVERSITARIA, DEL DERECHO, DE LA LENGUA, DE LA GUERRA Y, FINALMENTE, DE LAS PROYECCIONES QUE EL MUNDO MEDIEVAL LEGÓ A LA FORMACIÓN DE LA FISONOMÍA MORAL DEL HOMBRE AMERICANO?.