PLYWOOD PRODUCTION RELIES ON PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE (PF), WHICH IS WHY BIO-BASED WOOD ADHESIVES (BBWAS) WERE DEVELOPED AS POTENTIAL REPLACEMENTS, SHOWING PROMISING RESULTS IN SEVERAL TESTS PERFORMED. A CONTROL SAMPLE (PLY-C) WITH PF AND TWO SAMPLES (PLY-1 AND PLY-2) WITH BBWA WERE MANUFACTURED, ON WHICH PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, ADHESIVE BONDING MORPHOLOGY, FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS, AND ACCELERATED UV AGING WERE EVALUATED. THE ADHESIVE PENETRATION RESULTS, INTO THE WOOD CELLS, WERE ACCORDING TO THE VISCOSITY OF EACH ADHESIVE. ABOUT THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, THE SAMPLE PLY-2 PRESENTED THE SAME MOE AND TENSILE STRENGTH AS THE SAMPLE PLY-C AND REACHED 87% OF THE SAMPLE PLY-C MOR IN THE PARALLEL DIRECTION. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE SAMPLE PLY-1 PRESENTED THE SAME BEHAVIOR IN THE JANKA HARDNESS TEST AS THE SAMPLE PLY-C. ALL THE SAMPLES SUBJECTED TO SHEAR STRENGTH TESTS MET THE REQUIREMENT, AND THE SAMPLES PLY-1 AND PLY-2 REACHED 68% AND 80% OF THE PLY-C SAMPLE, RESPECTIVELY. THE SAMPLES MANUFACTURED WITH BBWA PRESENTED A DECREASE IN FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS BY 88% AND THEY WERE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO COLOR CHANGE THAN THE CONTROL SAMPLE UNDER UV AGING. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT PLYWOOD MANUFACTURED WITH BBWA MIGHT BE A CONSIDERABLE REPLACEMENT FOR PLYWOOD MANUFACTURED WITH PF ADHESIVES AT A LABORATORY SCALE.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND THE SAFEGUARDING OF THE POPULATION'S HEALTH HAS LED TO RESEARCH INTO DIFFERENT WAYS OF MITIGATING HARMFUL GASES. AMONG THE EMISSIONS THAT THE WOOD INDUSTRY HAS SOUGHT TO REDUCE ARE THOSE OF FORMALDEHYDE, WHICH IS WHY NEW GREEN ADHESIVE METHODS FOR WOOD PANELS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED IN RECENT YEARS. IN THIS RESEARCH, PARTICLEBOARD WITH TWO BIO-BASED WOOD ADHESIVE (PB-BBWA) FORMULATIONS. THE FIRST PB-BBWA FORMULATION, BASED ON PROTEINS OBTAINED FROM COMPOUNDS FROM THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE INDUSTRY, AND THE SECOND PB-BBWA FORMULATION, BASED ON PROTEINS FROM A MIXTURE OF COMPOUNDS FROM THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, WERE MANUFACTURED AND TESTED TO EVALUATE THE PHYSICAL?MECHANICAL, THERMAL AND FORMALDEHYDE EMISSION PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED AND UV-TREATED FORMULATIONS AT A LABORATORY SCALE. THE RESULTS OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OBTAINED IN THE PB-BBWA WERE SIMILAR OR EVEN BETTER THAN THOSE OF THE CONTROL PB. ADDITIONALLY, PB-BBWAS IMPROVE ON THE CONTROL PB SAMPLE?S JANKA HARDNESS BY LEAST 28%, AND A DECREASE IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN THE EDGEWISE POSITION AND FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS BY 12% AND 88%, RESPECTIVELY, IN COMPARISON TO THE CONTROL PB. THE TESTS PERFORMED EVIDENCED THAT PB-BBWAS SHOWED COMPARABLE PERFORMANCE AGAINST THE CONTROL PB MADE WITH UREA-FORMALDEHYDE AND SATISFIED INTERNATIONAL STANDARD REQUIREMENTS.

THIS STUDY AIMED TO REINFORCE A POLYVINYL ACETATE-D3 (PVAC-D3) ADHESIVE TO IMPROVE ITS MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES. THE GOAL WAS TO REACH A POLYVINYL ACETATE-D4 (PVAC-D4) ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE THAT COULD MAKE PVAC-D3 MORE ATTRACTIVE AND ADD VALUE TO WOOD PRODUCTS. PVAC-D3 WAS MODIFIED BY ADDING 0.05% AND 0.5% (WT.) OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE PARTICLES (MWCNTS) AS WELL AS 0.5% AND 2.5% (WT.) OF LIGNOSULFONATE (LIGNO) PARTICLES. ADHESIVE BLENDS WERE COMPARED TO NEAT PVAC-D3 AND PVAC-D4, EVALUATING THEIR PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. ALSO, THEY WERE ANALYZED USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FT-IR) AND MECHANICAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS (DMA) WITH A STORAGE MODULE (E

INTRODUCTION: PARTICLE BOARD PRODUCTION IS BASED ON THE USE OF SAWMILL AND REMANUFACTURING RESIDUES; HOWEVER, THE AVAILABILITY OF THIS RAW MATERIAL HAS DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DUE TO ITS USE AS BIOMASS FOR FIREWOOD FUEL. OBJECTIVE: TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF THE REPLACEMENT LEVEL OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND PINUS RADIATA D. DON RESIDUES ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL BOARD PROPERTIES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MAIZE AND P. RADIATA RESIDUE PROPORTIONS BETWEEN 0 % (CONTROL) AND 30 % MAIZE WERE EVALUATED. UREA-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVE WAS USED IN PROPORTIONS OF 7.5 % AND 9.5 % FOR FINE AND THICK PARTICLES, RESPECTIVELY; PRESSING WAS BASED ON INDUSTRIAL PARAMETERS WITH A THICKNESS OF 10 MM AND 0.77 G?CM-3 DENSITY. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES WERE DETERMINED ACCORDING TO PARTICLE BOARD STANDARDS. RESULTS: THICKNESS, DENSITY, MOISTURE, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE WERE SIMILAR AMONG MAIZE RESIDUE PROPORTIONS AND MET THE INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENT. AT 2 AND 24 H, ABSORPTION AND SWELLING MET THE INDUSTRIAL AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENT, EXCEPT FOR SWELLING AT 2 H WHEN 30 % MAIZE RESIDUES WAS USED. THE INTERNAL BOND (IB) MET THE INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENT WITH ALL PROPORTIONS, BUT FROM 20 % ONWARDS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MAIZE RESIDUE PROPORTIONS BETWEEN 0 AND 10 % HAD SIMILAR PERFORMANCE. A PROPORTION OF UP TO 20 % MAIZE PROVIDED REGULATORY AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLIANCE, SO IT HAS POTENTIAL FOR THE PARTICLE BOARD INDUSTRY.

THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH WAS STUDY OF POLYURETHANE (PUR), ISOCYANATE POLYMER EMULSIONS (EPI) AND MELAMINE-UREA-FORMALDEHYDE (MUF) ADHESIVES, ON THE BONDING PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND HOLLOW GLULAM BEAMS OF PINUS RADIATA. THE THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA) OF THE ADHESIVES WAS CARRIED OUT TO EVALUATE THEIR STIFFNESS AND REACTIVITY. GLULAM BEAMS WERE EVALUATED BY A BENDING TEST. THE QUALITY OF THE BONDING WAS EVALUATED BY RESISTANCE TO SHEAR AND DELAMINATION. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BONDING WAS STUDIED BY MICROSCOPY. THE DMA STUDY SHOWED THAT THE MUF ADHESIVE HAD THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF STIFFNESS AND REACTIVITY. THE RESULTS OF THE BENDING TEST SHOWED THAT THE HIGHEST MODULUS OF RUPTURE RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN SOLID AND HOLLOW LAMINATED BEAMS WITH MUF ADHESIVE, ACHIEVING INCREASES OF 30% OVER THE PUR ADHESIVE. THE LOWEST DELAMINATION RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN SOLID GLULAM BEAMS WITH MUF AND EPI ADHESIVES, WHILE THE HIGHEST RESULTS WERE 32% AND 47% FOR THE PUR ADHESIVE. FINALLY, GLULAM BEAMS MANUFACTURED WITH MUF ADHESIVE PRESENTED THE BEST PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS.

CLIMATE CHANGE IS ONE OF THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESEARCH OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIALS. THIS IS WHY THE USE OF ENGINEERING FIBERS AS A REINFORCEMENT TECHNIQUE IN WOOD, IN ORDER TO INCREASE ITS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, HAS RECENTLY BEEN INVESTIGATED. THIS RESEARCH PRESENTS THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF CARBON AND BASALT FIBER FABRICS AS A REINFORCEMENT FOR MICROLAMINATED RADIATA PINE WOOD PANELS AT A LABORATORY SCALE USING THE ADHESIVES EPOXY RESIN AND POLYVINYL ACETATE. TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT IN COMPARISON TO THE CONTROL BOARDS, RELATING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OBTAINED IN TERMS OF THICKNESS SWELLING BY 48 H-WATER IMMERSION WITH A DECREASE OF 19% FOR THE POLYVINYL ACETATE AND CARBON FIBER MATRIX REINFORCEMENT, ABOUT THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES EVALUATED, A BETTER PERFORMANCE WAS OBTAINED FOR THE EPOXY RESIN AND CARBON FIBER MATRIX REINFORCEMENT AND IN TERMS OF FLEXURAL STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH (IN FLATWISE), TENSILE STRENGTH AND JANKA HARDNESS, WITH AN INCREMENT OF 31%, 38%, 56% AND 41%, RESPECTIVELY.

CURRENTLY, WOOD IS PRESENTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS AND TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE. CHILE IS ONE OF THE EIGHT LARGEST WOOD PRODUCERS IN THE WORLD; THEREFORE, WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS ARE AN EASILY ACCESSIBLE RESOURCE. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO REINFORCE AT LABORATORY SCALE PLYWOOD PANELS WITH BASALT AND CARBON ENGINEER FIBERS USING EPOXY RESIN AND POLYVINYL ACETATE AS AN ADHESIVE SYSTEM TO IMPROVE THEIR PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. THREE-POINT STATIC BENDING AND JANKA HARDNESS TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT. THE RESULTS SHOWED A BETTER PERFORMANCE IN THE REINFORCED BOARDS, WHICH SHOWED AN INCREASE IN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (MOE) AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE (MOR) PROPERTIES IN THE PARALLEL DIRECTION OF ABOUT 48.2% AND 52.8%, RESPECTIVELY. ADDITIONALLY, FOR THE PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION, THERE WAS AN INCREASE OF 52.0% AND 102.9%, RESPECTIVELY. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) PLYWOOD PANELS SHOWED AN INCREASE OF AT LEAST 37% ON THE JANKA HARDNESS PROPERTY, OBTAINING HIGHER RESULTS WITH THE POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA) ADHESIVE. FINALLY, FRP?PLYWOOD, PVA?BF AND PVA?CF MAY BE A NEW OPTION FOR COMPOSITE WOOD MATERIALS, WITH THEIR DUCTILE BEHAVIOR AND SUPERIOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, ESPECIALLY IN THE PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION, WHERE THE INCREASES WERE GREATER THAN THOSE SHOWN IN UNREINFORCED PLYWOOD.