DUE TO THE CONTINUOUS INCREASE IN INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND MODERN LIFESTYLE, SEVERAL TYPES OF AIR CONTAMINANTS AND THEIR CONCENTRATIONS ARE EMERGING IN THE ATMOSPHERE. BESIDES, PHOTOCATALYSIS HAS GAINED MUCH ATTENTION IN THE ELIMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION. SEVERAL ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE LIGHT ACTIVE PHOTOCATALYSTS WERE TESTED IN AIR POLLUTANT TREATMENT AND THEREBY, THE NUMBER OF REPORTS WAS INCREASED IN THE PAST FEW YEARS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE PHOTOCATALYTIC TREATMENT OF GASEOUS INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS LIKE NOX, H2S, AND ORGANIC POLLUTANTS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, ACETALDEHYDE, AND BENZENE DERIVATIVES. DIFFERENT PHOTOCATALYSTS WITH THEIR AIR POLLUTANT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY WERE EXPLAINED. IMPROVING STRATEGIES SUCH AS METAL/NON-METAL DOPING, COMPOSITE FORMATION FOR PHOTOCATALYST ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN STUDIED. MOREOVER, AN ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED FROM EACH OF THE EXISTING PHOTOCATALYTIC IMMOBILIZATION APPROACHES. ALSO, FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EFFECTIVE PHOTOCATALYSIS WERE EXPLAINED. OVERALL, THE PHOTOCATALYTIC ABATEMENT TECHNIQUE IS AN AUSPICIOUS WAY TO ELIMINATE DIFFERENT AIR CONTAMINANTS. BESIDES, EXISTING DRAWBACKS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.

A MICROBIAL FUEL CELL (MFC) IS A SUSTAINABLE DEVICE THAT PRODUCES ELECTRICITY. THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF MFC ARE ELECTRODES (ANODE & CATHODE) AND SEPARATORS. THE MFC S PERFORMANCE IS ASCERTAINED BY MEASURING ITS POWER DENSITY. ITS COMPONENTS AND OTHER PARAMETERS, SUCH AS CELL DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION, OPERATION PARAMETERS (PH, SALINITY, AND TEMPERATURE), SUBSTRATE CHARACTERISTICS, AND MICROBES PRESENT IN THE SUBSTRATE, ALL INFLUENCE ITS PERFORMANCE. MFC CAN BE SCALED UP AND COMMERCIALIZED USING LOW-COST MATERIALS WITHOUT AFFECTING ITS PERFORMANCE. HENCE THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE. IN THE PAST, PRECIOUS AND NON-PRECIOUS METALS WERE MOSTLY USED. THESE WERE REPLACED BY A VARIETY OF LOW-COST CARBONACEOUS AND NON-CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS. NANO MATERIALS, ACTIVATED COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITE MATERIALS, HAVE ALSO FOUND THEIR WAY AS COMPONENTS OF MFC MATERIALS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE RECENTLY REPORTED MODIFIED ELECTRODES (ANODE AND CATHODE), THEIR IMPROVISATION, THEIR MERITS, POLLUTANT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY, AND ASSOCIATED POWER DENSITY.

IN THE LAST 150 YEARS, PLASTIC POLYMERS WITH VARYING QUALITIES HAVE BEEN PRODUCED TO REPLACE MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, GLASS, AND METALS IN A VARIETY OF USES. HOWEVER, THE UNIQUE QUALITIES THAT MAKE PLASTIC SO APPEALING FOR EVERYDAY USAGE ALSO POSE A THREAT TO THE PLANET?S LONG-TERM VIABILITY. PLASTICS ARE TOUGH, INERT, AND, MOST CRITICALLY, NON-BIODEGRADABLE. AS A RESULT, THERE HAS BEEN AN EXPONENTIAL RISE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC GARBAGE, WHICH HAS SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD. PLASTIC GARBAGE HAS HARMED LIFE ON EARTH, OWING TO ITS UNWELCOME ACCUMULATION IN LANDFILLS, LEACHING INTO THE SOIL, INCREASING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, AND OTHER FACTORS. THEIR INFLUENCE ON AQUATIC HABITATS IS EVEN MORE DESTRUCTIVE, AS THEY INDUCE ENTANGLEMENT, INGESTION, AND INTESTINAL BLOCKAGE IN AQUATIC CREATURES. MICROPLASTICS WERE FOUND IN ABUNDANCE IN AQUATIC HABITATS, THEREFORE RESEARCHERS BEGAN TO INVESTIGATE HOW THEY AFFECTED ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AND FOOD WEBS. MICROALGAE?MICROPLASTIC INTERACTIONS AND THEIR PROSPECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE DESTINIES OF BOTH ORGANISMS ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS STUDY. EVEN WHILE MICROPLASTICS ARE CAPABLE OF INTERACTING WITH ALGAE, IT IS NOT OBVIOUS IF THIS INTERACTION IS INFLUENCED BY THE SURFACE MAKEUP OF THE ALGAE OR THE PRESENCE OF A ?HARD? SUBSTRATE ON WHICH ORGANISMS MIGHT CLING AND GROW, AS THE LITERATURE CLAIMS. THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ALGAE?S ROLES IN PROMOTING MICROPLASTIC BREAKDOWN IS EXAMINED, WITH A FOCUS ON THEIR METHODS OF ACTION AND PROSPECTIVE REMOVAL STRATEGIES.

WE STUDY QUANTUM STRATEGIES IN GAMES OF INCOMPLETE INFORMATION USING A FORMALISM OF GAME THEORY BASED ON MULTI-SECTOR PROBABILITY MATRIX. WE ANALYZE AN EXTENSION OF THE WELL-KNOWN GAME OF BATTLE OF SEXES USING AN EXTENDED WERNER-LIKE STATE FOCUSING IN HOW ITS MIXEDNESS AND ENTANGLEMENT AFFECT THE BAYESIAN NASH PAYOFFS OF THE PLAYER. IT IS SHOWN THAT ENTANGLEMENT IS NEEDED TO OUTPERFORM CLASSICAL PAYOFFS BUT NOT ALL ENTANGLED STATES ARE USEFUL DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF MIXEDNESS. A THRESHOLD FOR THE MIXEDNESS PARAMETER AND THE MINIMUM ENTANGLEMENT VALUE WERE FOUND.

RECENT INTEREST AND RESPONSIBILITY TO RETAIN THE WATER RESOURCES ROSE AMONG PEOPLE. SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN ENGAGED TO DEVELOP THE MECHANISM THAT INVOLVES THE FREELY AVAILABLE SUNLIGHT - A SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE - TO REMOVE THE POLLUTANTS FROM WATER TO MAKE IT AGAIN SUITABLE FOR LIFE. AMPLE RESEARCH WAS REPORTED IN THE REMOVAL OF DYE POLLUTANTS PRESENT IN WATER. FOR THIS THEY HAVE UTILIZED P TYPE AND N TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS OR COMBINATION OF BOTH (P-N TYPE) UNDER THE EXCITATION OF A WIDE RANGE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BAND ENERGY. MOST OF THE INTEREST LIES IN EMERGING OUT OF THE MECHANISM WITH HYBRID SEMICONDUCTORS TO REMOVE THE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FLAWS. TOWARD THIS REGARD, THIS MANUSCRIPT AIMS TO DEVELOP UNIQUE MATERIAL USING THE UNDERLYING P-N-P MODEL FOR HARNESSING VISIBLE LIGHT IN CATALYSIS. INITIALLY, P-N STRUCTURE WAS DEVELOPED WITH COPPER OXIDE (P-TYPE) AND ZINC OXIDE (N-TYPE), THEN POLYANILINE (P-TYPE) CONJUGATED AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS (0.5 M, 0.7 M & 1.0 M), TO YIELD P-N-P MODELS, USING PRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY SONICATION TECHNIQUES. DETAILED PHYSICOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE RESULTANT P-N-P MATERIAL TO ELUCIDATE ITS CHARACTERISTICS. FURTHERMORE, THE MECHANISM WAS ADVOCATED FOR THE BEST PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT EXCITATION FOR THE DEGRADATION OF 4-CHLOROPHENOL AND COMPARED WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF A STANDARD P-N (CUO/ZNO) COMBINATION.

IN THIS RESEARCH PAPER, THE CO OXIDATION PERFORMANCE OF MESOPOROUS CEO2 NANOLEAVES WAS COMPARED WITH COMMERCIAL CEO2 BULK POWDER. THE MESOPOROUS CEO2 NANO LEAVES WERE OBTAINED BY THE SOLVOTHERMAL METHOD. THE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE SYNTHESIZED CEO2 NANO LEAVES OUTCOMES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES. THE OBTAINED RESULTS FROM X-DIFFRACTION (XRD) ANALYSIS AND HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (HR-TEM) WERE SUGGESTED THAT THE CUBIC STRUCTURE OF CEO2 DISPLAYED NANO LEAVES ALONG WITH LINE DISPLACEMENTS WHICH FAVOR MORE ELECTRON ACTIVE SITES. FURTHERMORE, THE X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE PREPARED NANO LEAVES EXPOSED CE3+, CE4+ AND O STATES. THE EXISTED LINE DISPLACEMENTS AND OXYGEN VACANCY ARE BENEFICIAL FOR CO OXIDATION. COMPARED TO COMMERCIAL BULK CEO2, SYNTHESIZED CEO2 NANO LEAVES SHOWED SUPERIOR CO OXIDATION PERFORMANCE.

ZINC OXIDE IS RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF THE BEST ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS. ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES WERE FABRICATED THROUGH A GREEN APPROACH USING ZINC SULFATE, ZINC NITRATE, AND ZINC ACETATE DIHYDRATE AS PRECURSORS AND AN EXTRACT OF JUSTICIA ADHATODA LEAVES AS A REDUCING AGENT. THE SYNTHESIZED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES WERE CHECKED FOR THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST THE BACTERIAL STRAINS STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, ESCHERICHIA COLI, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, AND THE FUNGAL STRAINS ASPERGILLUS NIGER, ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS, AND ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATES. ALL THREE ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES WERE FOUND TO INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF MICROBES BY THE RELEASE OF ZINC IONS AND PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FOLLOWED BY DESTRUCTION OF MICROBES. ANTIMICROBIAL RESULTS OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FROM THE THREE DIFFERENT PRECURSORS WERE COMPARED.

MICROPLASTICS (MPS) ARE DEVELOPING AS PERSISTENT POLLUTANTS THAT ARE CAUSING SIGNIFICANT CONCERN IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. A MICROPLASTIC IS A PARTICLE OF PLASTIC THAT IS LESS THAN 5 MM IN DIAMETER, WHICH HAS PENETRATED AND HARMED THE ENVIRONMENT. MPS HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF NUMEROUS ANALYSES, INCLUDING SEVERAL ADVERSE ASSESSMENTS; HOWEVER, MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON THEIR PRESENCE IN COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS. THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE CHARACTERISTICS, OCCURRENCES, AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF MPS IN THE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM IS INCOMPLETE. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY IS TO UNDERTAKE A THOROUGH REVIEW OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS ON MP OCCURRENCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT, THEIR FATE AND MOBILITY, AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES, AS WELL AS TO EXPLORE SUCH DISCOVERIES. MPS HAVE BEEN ELABORATELY DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW IN TERMS OF THEIR OCCURRENCES, FEATURES, AND ORIGINS IN THE OCEANS, FRESHWATER, SEDIMENTS, SOILS, AND THE ATMOSPHERE, ALONG WITH THE DATA OBTAINED FROM EXPERIMENTS AND MODELS ON THE FATE AND MOBILITY OF MPS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS PAPER ALSO INCLUDES RESEARCH DATA ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND BIOACCUMULATION OF MPS.

THE POTENTIAL NEED OF P?N JUNCTIONS CREATE AN OPTIMISTIC WAY OF SUPPORTING PHOTOGENERATED ELECTRON?HOLE PAIR SEPARATION AND IMPROVING INTERFACIAL CHARGE-TRANSFER RATES. IN THIS CONTEXT, A P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR NIO CAN COUPLE WITH N-TYPE CEO2, THUS APPROVING VISIBLE LIGHT ACTIVITY BY FORMING P-N JUNCTIONS. THE VISIBLE LIGHT ACTIVITY OF TWO LARGE BAND GAP SEMICONDUCTORS STILL LACKS SOME SIGNIFICANT REASONS. TO SOLVE THIS, FOR THE FIRST TIME, THIS PAPER REPORTS 3D FLOWER SHAPED P ? N HETEROJUNCTION NIO/CEO2 SYNTHESIZED VIA THERMAL DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND STUDIED THEIR PROPERTIES THROUGH VARIOUS INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES. BESIDES, THE PHOTOCATALYTIC MECHANISM OF P ? N JUNCTION AND THE DEGRADING EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC POLLUTANT METHYL ORANGE (MO) FOR THE SYNTHESIZED CATALYSTS WAS DISCUSSED. THIS ACHIEVES THE OUTSTANDING ACTIVITY AND SHOWED BETTER STABILITY WHICH ARE USEFUL FOR FUTURE APPLICATIONS.

IN RECENT TIMES, COST EFFECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS HAS BEEN A SUBJECT OF CONCERN FOR THE DAY TO TODAY APPLICATIONS. IN THIS WORK, NOVELTY HAS BEEN MADE ON THE FACILE SYNTHESIS OF METAL OXIDES (TIO2 AND CEO2) AND NANOCOMPOSITES (TIO2?CEO2) THROUGH SOL-GEL AND PRECIPITATION METHODS OF IMPARTING LEMON EXTRACT. THE SYNTHESIZED MATERIALS BEHAVE AS THE FUNCTIONAL CATALYSTS WHICH HAS BEEN FURTHER CARRIED OUT FOR THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AGAINST 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (2,4-DCP). THE MATERIALS ARE THEN VALUED FOR THE STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES. THE LEMON EXTRACT USED IN SYNTHESIS HAS PLAYED A PREMIER ROLE IN UPGRADING THE CHARGE CARRIER SEPARATION, BANDGAP, AND SIZE REDUCTION OF THE COMPOSITE SYSTEM. FURTHER, THE CEO2 SUPPORTED TIO2 SAMPLE ACTS AS THE BETTER VISIBLE LIGHT CATALYST, DUE TO THE PREVENTION OF AGGREGATION AND EXISTENCE OF LINE DISLOCATION THAT SUPPORTED TO ACCESS THE ADDITIONAL ELECTRON TRAP SITES.

IN OUR WORK WE CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING PROBLEM IN THE CONTEXT OF TELEPORTATION: AN UNKNOWN PURE STATE HAS TO BE TELEPORTED AND THERE ARE TWO LABORATORIES WHICH CAN PERFORM THE TASK. ONE LABORATORY USES A PURE NON-MAXIMALLY ENTANGLED CHANNEL BUT HAS A CAPABILITY OF PERFORMING THE JOINT MEASUREMENT ON BASES WITH A CONSTRAINED DEGREE OF ENTANGLEMENT; THE OTHER LAB MAKES USE OF A MIXED X-STATE CHANNEL BUT CAN PERFORM A JOINT MEASUREMENT ON BASES WITH HIGHER ENTANGLEMENT DEGREES. WE COMPARE THE AVERAGE TELEPORTATION FIDELITY ACHIEVED IN BOTH CASES, FINDING THAT THE FIDELITY ACHIEVED WITH THE X-STATE CAN SURPASS THE OBTAINED WITH A PURE CHANNEL, EVEN THOUGH THE X-STATE IS LESS ENTANGLED THAN THE LATTER. WE FIND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THIS EFFECT OCCURS. OUR RESULTS EVIDENCE THAT THE ENTANGLEMENT OF THE JOINT MEASUREMENT PLAYS A ROLE AS IMPORTANT AS THE ENTANGLEMENT OF THE CHANNEL IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THE TELEPORTATION PROCESS. WE INCLUDE AN EXAMPLE SHOWING THAT THE AVERAGE FIDELITY OF TELEPORTATION OBTAINED WITH A WERNER STATE CHANNEL CAN BE GREATER THAN THAT OBTAINED WITH A BELL STATE CHANNEL.

WATER CONTAMINATION IS INCREASINGLY AN IMPORTANT ISSUE IN DEVELOPING AND UNDER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. THE MAIN CAUSE OF WATER CONTAMINATIONS ARE INDUSTRIAL DYES AND TOXIC CHEMICALS. HENCE MANY TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO DE-CONTAMINATE THE TOXIC MATERIALS. THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DE-CONTAMINATION OF DYES IS AN EFFECTIVE AND SIMPLE TECHNOLOGY TO PURIFY WATER. AMONG VARIOUS PHOTOCATALYSTS, THE TRANSITION METAL BASED OXIDES (TIO2, NIO AND ZNO) BEING THE STATE-OF ART PHOTOCATALYTIC MATERIAL. BUT, THE METAL OXIDES HAVE LARGE BAND GAP AND SUFFERS FROM THE FACT THAT IT PREDOMINANTLY ABSORBS THE ULTRA VIOLET REGION OF IRRADIATION. BUT, ANY VIABLE PHOTOCATALYTIC TECHNOLOGY DEMANDS ABSORPTION IN THE VISIBLE LIGHT REGION, SO AS TO UTILIZE THE COST-FREE SUN LIGHT. HEREIN, WE TUNE AND UTILIZE THE METAL OXIDES THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF AG METAL NANOPARTICLES. THE SYNTHESIZED MATERIALS WERE COMPLETELY ANALYZED BY PXRD, HRTEM, UV, XPS AND BET INSTRUMENTS. ALL TIO2/AG, NIO/AG AND ZNO/AG NANOCOMPOSITES WERE SUBJECTED TO PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION USING VISIBLE LIGHT. THE NANOCOMPOSITES ACTED AS PHOTOCATALYST AND DEGRADE THE COLORFUL METHYL ORANGE AND COLORLESS TOXIC 4-CHLOROPHENOL. AMONG THE AFOREMENTIONED THREE SAMPLES, TIO2/AG EXHIBITED BEST PERFORMANCE THAN ZNO/AG AND NIO/AG. WE ATTRIBUTED THE ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY DUE TO PLASMONS ASSISTANCE AND NANOSCALE REGIME OF PHOTOCATALYST. IN SUMMARY, WE TUNED THE METAL OXIDE PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE USING THE AG NANOPARTICLE SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE.

THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND HARMFUL BACTERIA IS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC DUE TO THE RELEASE OF TOXINS FROM THE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS THAT DAMAGE THE WATER RESOURCES. THESE HARMFUL SOURCES FRIGHTEN THE LIFE OF EVERY ORGANISM WHICH WAS LATER DEVELOPED AS THE CARCINOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC AGENTS. THEREFORE, THE CURRENT STUDY FOCUSES ON THE BREAKDOWN OR DEGRADATION OF 4-CHLOROPHENOL AND THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI). AS A WELL-KNOWN CATALYST, PURE TITANIUM-DI-OXIDE (TIO2) HAD NOT SHOWN THE PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY IN THE VISIBLE LIGHT REGION. HENCE, BAND POSITION OF TIO2 NEED TO BE SHIFTED TO BRING OUT THE ABSORPTION IN THE VISIBLE LIGHT REGION. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THE N-TYPE TIO2 NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL S BAND GAP GOT VARIED BY ADDING DIFFERENT RATIOS OF P-TYPE CUO. THE RESULT HAD APPEARED IN THE FORMATION OF P (CUO) ? N (TIO2) JUNCTION SYNTHESIZED FROM SOL-GEL FOLLOWED BY CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION METHODS. THE OPTICAL BAND GAP VALUE WAS DETERMINED BY KUBELKA-MUNK (K-M) PLOT THROUGH UV?VIS DIFFUSIVE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY (DRS). FURTHER, THE COMPREHENSIVE MECHANISM AND THE RESULTS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES WERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL. THESE INVESTIGATIONS ARE MADE FOR TUNING THE TIO2 CATALYST TOWARDS IMPROVING OR ELIMINATING THE EXISTING VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES.