CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII (LANKESTER, 1880) IS A CNIDARIAN THOUGHT TO ORIGINATE FROM THE YANGTZE RIVER VALLEY IN CHINA. HOWEVER, C. SOWERBII IS NOW AN INVASIVE SPECIES IN FRESHWATER SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE. IN CHILE, C. SOWERBII WAS FIRST RECORDED IN 1942 BY PORTER AND SCHMITT IN THE MARGA-MARGA RESERVOIR, IN VALPARAÍSO. SINCE THEN, THERE HAVE BEEN FEW FURTHER CHILEAN RECORDS OF THIS SPECIES. HERE, WE REPORT THE PRESENCE OF C. SOWERBII MEDUSAE IN SANTA ELENA LAKE, BULNES, REGIÓN DEL BÍO- BÍO, ALONG WITH LIMNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS.

PREMISE OF RESEARCH.?ABUNDANT PEAT MOSSES AND EPIBIOTIC MICROBIOTA, COMMON IN WIDESPREAD MODERN PEATLANDS, CONSTITUTE COMPLEX BIOTIC SYSTEMS RECOGNIZED TO PROVIDE GLOBALLY SIGNIFICANT ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: ORGANIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION, METHANE OXIDATION, AND NITROGEN FIXATION. BECAUSE RECENT FOSSIL AND MOLECULAR DIVERSIFICATION EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT PEAT MOSSES ARE >450 MYR OLD, THEY MAY BE AMONG EARTH?S EARLIEST LAND PLANTS. THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF EARLY VEGETATION, WHICH MAY HAVE OCCUPIED REMOTE ISLANDS AND EXPERIENCED NUTRITIONAL STRESS AND EPISODES OF HIGH UV RADIATION, ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION, BIOGEOCHEMICAL FUNCTION, AND RESILIENCE OF ARCHAIC PEAT MOSS MICROBIOMES, WE PERFORMED SHOTGUN METAGENOMIC SEQUENCING OF A SIMILARLY STRESSED MODERN PEAT MOSS.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: THE STREPTOPHYTE WATER-TO-LAND TRANSITION WAS A PIVOTAL, BUT POORLY UNDERSTOOD EVENT IN EARTH HISTORY. WHILE SOME EARLY-DIVERGING MODERN STREPTOPHYTE ALGAE ARE AEROTERRESTRIAL (LIVING IN SUBAERIAL HABITATS), AEROTERRESTRIAL SURVIVAL HAD NOT BEEN TESTED FOR COLEOCHAETE, WIDELY REGARDED AS OBLIGATELY AQUATIC AND ONE OF THE EXTANT GREEN ALGAL GENERA MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO EMBRYOPHYTES. THIS RELATIONSHIP MOTIVATED A COMPARISON OF AEROTERRESTRIAL COLEOCHAETE TO LOWER PALEOZOIC MICROFOSSILS WHOSE RELATIONSHIPS HAVE BEEN UNCERTAIN. METHODS: WE TESTED THE ABILITY OF TWO SPECIES OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY TRACTABLE, COMPLEX STREPTOPHYTE ALGAL GENUS COLEOCHAETE BRÉB. TO (1) GROW AND REPRODUCE WHEN CULTIVATED UNDER CONDITIONS THAT MIMIC HUMID SUBAERIAL HABITATS, (2) SURVIVE DESICCATION FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME, AND (3) PRODUCE DEGRADATION-RESISTANT REMAINS COMPARABLE TO ENIGMATIC CAMBRIAN MICROFOSSILS. KEY RESULTS: WHEN GROWN ON MINERAL AGAR MEDIA OR ON QUARTZ SAND, BOTH SPECIES DISPLAYED BODIES STRUCTURALLY DISTINCT FROM THOSE EXPRESSED IN AQUATIC HABITATS. AEROTERRESTRIAL COLEOCHAETE OCCURRED AS HAIRLESS, MULTISTRATOSE, HEMISPHERICAL BODIES HAVING UNISTRATOSE LOBES OR IRREGULAR CLUSTERS OF CELLS WITH THICK, LAYERED, AND CHEMICALLY RESISTANT WALLS THAT RESEMBLE CERTAIN ENIGMATIC LOWER PALEOZOIC MICROFOSSILS. WHETHER GROWN UNDER HUMID CONDITIONS OR AIR-DRIED FOR A WEEK, THEN EXPOSED TO LIQUID WATER, AEROTERRESTRIAL COLEOCHAETE PRODUCED TYPICAL ASEXUAL ZOOSPORES AND GERMLINGS. CELLS THAT HAD BEEN AIR-DRIED FOR PERIODS UP TO SEVERAL MONTHS MAINTAINED THEIR INTEGRITY AND GREEN PIGMENTATION. CONCLUSIONS: FEATURES OF MODERN AEROTERRESTRIAL COLEOCHAETE SUGGEST THAT ANCIENT COMPLEX STREPTOPHYTE ALGAE COULD GROW AND REPRODUCE IN MOIST SUBAERIAL HABITATS, PERSIST THROUGH PERIODS OF DESICCATION, AND LEAVE BEHIND DISTINCTIVE MICROFOSSIL REMAINS.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: THE STREPTOPHYTE WATER-TO-LAND TRANSITION WAS A PIVOTAL, BUT POORLY UNDERSTOOD EVENT IN EARTH HISTORY. WHILE SOME EARLY-DIVERGING MODERN STREPTOPHYTE ALGAE ARE AEROTERRESTRIAL (LIVING IN SUBAERIAL HABITATS), AEROTERRESTRIAL SURVIVAL HAD NOT BEEN TESTED FOR COLEOCHAETE, WIDELY REGARDED AS OBLIGATELY AQUATIC AND ONE OF THE EXTANT GREEN ALGAL GENERA MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO EMBRYOPHYTES. THIS RELATIONSHIP MOTIVATED A COMPARISON OF AEROTERRESTRIAL COLEOCHAETE TO LOWER PALEOZOIC MICROFOSSILS WHOSE RELATIONSHIPS HAVE BEEN UNCERTAIN. METHODS: WE TESTED THE ABILITY OF TWO SPECIES OF THE EXPERIMENTALLY TRACTABLE, COMPLEX STREPTOPHYTE ALGAL GENUS COLEOCHAETE BRÉB. TO (1) GROW AND REPRODUCE WHEN CULTIVATED UNDER CONDITIONS THAT MIMIC HUMID SUBAERIAL HABITATS, (2) SURVIVE DESICCATION FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME, AND (3) PRODUCE DEGRADATION-RESISTANT REMAINS COMPARABLE TO ENIGMATIC CAMBRIAN MICROFOSSILS.

THE AIM OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO DETERMINE THE CONTENTS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS), MINERALS, TRACE ELEMENTS AND BIOACTIVITY IN THE GASTROPOD RAPANA THOMASIANA, WHICH CAN BE USED AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOINDICATOR ORGANISM. THE CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RAPANA THOMASIANA FROM POLLUTED (RAPAPOL) AND NON-POLLUTED (RAPANPOL) SITES OF THE BLACK SEA COAST IN BULGARIAN WERE INVESTIGATED. CHROMATOGRAPHY AND HIGH-RESOLUTION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (HR-ICP-MS) WERE USED FOR EVALUATION OF PAHS, PCBS, MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS. METHANOL EXTRACTS FROM RAPAPOL AND RAPANPOL (TO A LESSER DEGREE) CONTAINED RELATIVELY HIGH AMOUNTS OF FREE PHENOLICS (2.50 +/- 0.3 AND 1.57 +/- 0.18 MG GAE/G DW, RESPECTIVELY) AND EXHIBITED THE FOLLOWING RESPECTIVE LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES DETERMINED BY TWO RADICAL-SCAVENGING ASSAYS (MICROMTE/G DW): 1.8 +/- 0.2 AND 0.98 +/- 0.08 BY 1-DIPHENYL-2-PICRYLHYDRAZYL METHOD (DPPH); 1.74 +/- 0.17 AND 1.04 +/- 0.12 BY CUPRIC REDUCING ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (CUPRAC). THE TOTAL AMOUNTS OF ELEMENTS, PAHS AND PCBS WERE HIGHER IN RAPAPOL THAN IN RAPANPOL. THE OBTAINED INDICES OF RAPANA THOMASIANA CAN SERVE AS A BIOINDICATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGICAL QUALITY.

FATS AND OILS ARE THE MOST COMMON POLLUTANTS IN WASTEWATER, AND ARE USUALLY ELIMINATED THROUGH PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, GENERATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF FATS AND RESIDUAL OILS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO DISPOSE OF AND HANDLE. THE DEGRADATION OF FATTY WASTEWATER WAS STUDIED IN A REAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND A LABORATORY SCALE TREATMENT UNIT. THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, LOCATED IN CHILE, WAS DESIGNED FOR A POPULATION OF 200,000 INHABITANTS. IT INCLUDES AN AEROBIC DIGESTER THAT RECEIVES FAT AND OILS RETAINED IN A DEGREASER AND TREATS THE FATS AND OILS TOGETHER WITH BIOMASS. THE BIODEGRADATION OF FATS AND OILS WAS ANALYZED IN BOTH WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS. KEY PARAMETERS WERE MONITORED SUCH AS THE CONCENTRATION OF FATS AND OILS IN THE INFLUENTS AND EFFLUENTS, MASS LOADING, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF BIODEGRADATION. THE MASS LOADING RANGE WAS SIMILAR IN BOTH WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS. IN THE EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT, THE BIODEGRADATION OF FATS AND OILS REACHED LEVELS IN THE RANGE OF 64% TO 75%. FOR THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WITH AN AEROBIC DIGESTER, THE LEVELS OF BIODEGRADATION OF FATS AND OILS RANGED FROM 69% TO 92%. THEREFORE, CONSIDERING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ELIMINATION OF FATS AND OILS, THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT PHYSICAL TREATMENT SHOULD BE REPLACED WITH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SO THAT THE CO2 GENERATED BY THE BIODEGRADATION WILL BE INCORPORATED INTO THE CARBON CYCLE AND THE MASS OF FATS AND OILS IN LANDFILLS WILL BE REDUCED.

THE VOLATILE FRACTIONS OF CAPE GOOSEBERRY AND BLUEBERRY WERE DETERMINED BY HEADSPACE SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION COUPLED WITH COMPREHENSIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (HS-SPME/GC×GC-TOFMS). THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL (51.8%), ESTER (32.8%) AND CARBOXYLIC ACID (6.9%) WAS IN BLUEBERRY IN COMPARISON WITH GOOSEBERRY AND OPPOSITELY KETONES (14.7%), ALDEHYDES (9.9%) AND TERPENES (8%) WERE FOUND IN GOOSEBERRY. THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITIES WERE HIGHER IN BLUEBERRIES THAN IN GOOSEBERRIES. THREE DIMENSIONAL FLUORESCENCE EMISSION SPECTROMETRY (3D-FL) WAS APPLIED TO DETERMINE AND TO COMPARE EXPERIMENTALLY FOUND BINDING PARAMETERS OF BERRIES EXTRACTS WITH HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN (HSA). THE FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING OF HSA BY POLYPHENOLS FROM BERRIES WAS A RESULT OF THE FORMATION OF A POLYPHENOL?HSA COMPLEX. THE BINDING ABILITIES OF BERRIES WERE HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH THE BIOACTIVITY OF POLYPHENOLS AND VOLATILE SUBSTANCES. THE CLUSTER ANALYSIS (CA) AND LINEAR DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS (LDA) WAS APPLIED TO DIFFERENTIATE THE BERRIES SAMPLES ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPE.

THE AIM OF THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO INTRODUCE SEVERAL ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS), MINERALS, TRACE ELEMENTS, AND FATTY ACIDS IN RAPANA THOMASIANA AS A MARINE POLLUTION INDICATOR ORGANISM. THE CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES OF THE GASTROPOD RA. THOMASIANA FROM POLLUTED AND NONPOLLUTED SITES OF THE BLACK SEA ON THE BULGARIAN COAST WERE INVESTIGATED. CHROMATOGRAPHY AND HIGH-RESOLUTION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA/MS ANALYSES WERE USED FOR EVALUATION OF PAHS, PCBS, FATTY ACIDS, MINERALS, AND TRACE ELEMENTS. THESE METHODS CAN BE APPLIED TO OTHER MARINE PRODUCTS.

LAKE LAGUNA SANTA ELENA, A FRESHWATER BODY, LOCATED IN MID-SOUTH OF CHILE, IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSET USED AS A WATER RESOURCE BY THE AGRICULTURAL AND TOURISTIC SECTOR AND IS THE HABITAT FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF ENDEMIC AVIFAUNA. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSIGN A MONETARY VALUE TO THIS LACUSTRINE BODY, USING THE METHODOLOGY OF AMUVAM (MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVE VALUES). THE INFORMATION WAS COLLECTED THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SURVEYS TO A PANEL OF EXPERTS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE. THE RESULT OBTAINED WITH THE AMUVAM METHOD CORRESPONDS TO THE US $ 17,780,686, A FIGURE THAT REPRESENTS AN ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE TEV (TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE) OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSET. THIS STUDY, A PIONEER IN THE REGION, WILL SUPPORT DECISION MAKING, ALLOWING AN ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF THIS CRITICAL WATER RESOURCE.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS METHOD FOR PRODUCING PURE CEO2 DEPOSITS AND CEO2 DEPOSITS LOADED WITH VARYING PROPORTIONS OF FE2O3. THE DEPOSITS WERE CALCINED AT 950 °C AND CHARACTERIZED STRUCTURALLY, COMPOSITIONALLY, AND MORPHOLOGICALLY USING XRD, XPS, SEM, FT-IR, AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES. CERIANITE AND HEMATITE PHASES WERE IDENTIFIED IN CEO2/FE2O3 SAMPLES, INDICATING HETEROGENEOUS SURFACE DEPOSITS. PHOTOCATALYTIC TESTING UNDER UV?VIS ILLUMINATION FOR 5 H DEMONSTRATED PROMISING RESULTS. FOR THE DEGRADATION OF BRIGHT GREEN DYE, EFFICIENCIES OF 78.9 % AND 90.1 % WERE ACHIEVED FOR PURE CEO2 AND CEO2 SAMPLES LOADED WITH 1.0 MOL% FE2O3, RESPECTIVELY. SIMILARLY, FOR OXYTETRACYCLINE DRUG DEGRADATION, PERFORMANCE RATES OF 35.3 % AND 67.0 % WERE OBSERVED FOR CEO2 AND CEO2 SAMPLES LOADED WITH 1.0 MOL% FE2O3, RESPECTIVELY. RECYCLABILITY TESTS SHOWED A GRADUAL DECLINE IN PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OVER SUCCESSIVE CYCLES DUE TO BY-PRODUCT ACCUMULATION CONTAMINATING THE CATALYST.

HANTAVIRUS INFECTION IS AN ENDEMIC ZOONOSIS IN CHILE, WITH AN AVERAGE LETHALITY OF AROUND 36%. THE HIGHEST LETHALITY (60%) WAS RECORDED IN 1997. PREVENTION STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN APPLIED SINCE THEN. EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS THE USE OF ECMO (EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION) AND HANTAVIRUS IMMUNE PLASMA, HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO INCREASING THE SURVIVAL OF PEOPLE DUE TO THIS DISEASE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL. IN THE NEWLY CREATED REGION OF ÑUBLE IN CHILE, THE INCIDENCE AND LETHALITY OF HANTAVIRUS CASES ARE UNKNOWN; THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO DESCRIBE THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF HANTAVIRUS CASES IN THE REGION OF ÑUBLE, CHILE FROM 2002 TO 2018. THIS KNOWLEDGE CONTRIBUTES TO SUBSTANTIATING AND JUSTIFIES THE NEED TO INVEST IN TECHNOLOGY AND REINFORCE INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF THIS DISEASE IN THE REGION. CASES REPORTED IN THE ÑUBLE REGION DURING THE PERIOD 2002-2018, EXTRACTED FROM THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF HANTAVIRUS CASES OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF CHILE, WERE ANALYZED RETROSPECTIVELY. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE ÑUBLE REGION IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE NATIONAL ONE IN TERMS OF CHARACTERIZING THE INDIVIDUAL SUFFERING FROM THE DISEASE. THE MOST AFFECTED POPULATION IS YOUNG MEN, RESIDENTS IN RURAL AREAS, AND MAINLY FROM A LOW SOCIOECONOMIC SEGMENT. THE REGIONAL PROFILE OF HANTAVIRUS CASES MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY THREE COMMUNES WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF CASES: EL CARMEN, COIHUECO, AND SAN CARLOS. A POLITICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSE IS EXPECTED TO FOCUS ON AND OPTIMIZE STRATEGIES AND RESOURCES TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND LETHALITY OF THIS PATHOLOGY IN THE ÑUBLE REGION.

KIWI FRUITS ?HAYWARD? WERE SUBMITTED TO ETHYLENE TREATMENT DURING 24 H, FOLLOWING BY STORAGE AT 20C FOR 10 DAYS. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN POLYPHENOLS AND IN THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITIES IN CONVENTIONAL, LOW CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC KIWI FRUITS. ETHYLENE TREATMENT INCREASED THE BIOACTIVITY OF ORGANIC, LOW CHEMICAL AND CONVENTIONAL KIWI FRUIT. THE ANTIOXIDANT VALUES FOR ORGANIC FRUITS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN FOR CONVENTIONAL AND NONTREATED SAMPLES. ALL INVESTIGATED KIWI FRUITS SHOWED A HIGH LEVEL OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CONTENTS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, THEIR ANTIOXIDANT AND BINDING VALUES. THE STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVITY DEMONSTRATED THAT CULTIVATION SYSTEM AND ETHYLENE TREATMENT FOLLOWING BY STORAGE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE THE ACCUMULATION OF HEALTH-BENEFICIAL FOOD COMPOUNDS IN KIWI FRUIT AND CHANGES OF THE BINDING PROPERTIES.

SINCE ROOTED VASCULAR PLANTS ROSE TO DOMINANCE, ASSOCIATED MICROBIOTA HAVE POWERFULLY INFLUENCED GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY BY MOBILIZING N AND P AND OTHERWISE AIDING PLANT HEALTH, THEREBY FOSTERING SEQUESTRATION OF CO2 INTO COAL AND SOIL ORGANICS. LESS WELL UNDERSTOOD ARE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL ROLES OF MICROBIOMES OF ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT NONVASCULAR PLANTS AND RELATED ALGAE, WHOSE LINEAGES PENETRATE MORE DEEPLY INTO TIME. BECAUSE ANALYSES OF DIVERSE HOST-MICROBIOME SYSTEMS INDICATE THAT EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY COMMONLY INFLUENCES MICROBIOME COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION, WE MAPPED ONTO A GEOLOGICAL TIME FRAME BIOGEOCHEMICAL FEATURES INFERRED IN OUR PREVIOUS METAGENOMIC STUDIES OF A PHYLOGENETIC SPECTRUM OF MULTICELLULAR, FRESHWATER-TERRESTRIAL, NONVASCULAR AUTOTROPH-MICROBIOME SYSTEMS: NOSTOC COMMUNE, REPRESENTING MICROBIALITE-FORMING CYANOBACTERIA; THE NOSTOC LICHEN PELTIGERA PONOJENSIS; CHLOROPHYTE CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA; STREPTOPHYTE ALGA COLEOCHAETE PULVINATA; MOSS SPHAGNUM FIMBRIATUM; AND LIVERWORT CONOCEPHALUM CONICUM. WIDESPREAD AND OFTEN ABUNDANT TODAY, THESE SPECIES REPRESENT ANCIENT LINEAGES OF MINIMAL AGES RANGING FROM 1450 TO 380 MA, INFORMATION WE USED TO ESTIMATE PRESENT GLOBAL ANNUAL MAGNITUDES OF ORGANIC/INORGANIC C SEQUESTRATION, N FIXATION, AND METHANE OXIDATION AND TO CALCULATE BIOGEOCHEMICAL IMPACTS DURING PERIODS FROM LINEAGE ORIGIN TO THE RISE OF VASCULAR PLANTS AND FROM LINEAGE ORIGINS TO PRESENT. FUNCTIONAL COMPARISONS INDICATED THAT (1) FUNCTIONALLY DIVERSE BACTERIAL ASSOCIATES HAVE LIKELY ENHANCED GLOBAL C- AND N-CYCLE ROLES OF CYANOBACTERIA FOR ?1.5 BILLION YEARS; (2) BY 700?800 MA, CHLOROPHYTE MICROBIOMES RETAINING ANCIENT FUNCTIONAL FEATURES (E.G., VITAMIN B12 BIOSYNTHESIS AND N FIXATION) HAD ADDED DIVERSE METHANE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES, INCLUDING EARLY METAZOANS; (3) BY ?500 MA, STREPTOPHYTE ALGAL MICROBIOMES POSSESSING ANCIENT FUNCTIONS HAD INCORPORATED EARLY-DIVERGING FUNGI; (4) BY 450 MA, MICROBIOMES OF EARLY PLAN