EL PRESENTE ESTUDIO TUVO COMO OBJETIVO ADAPTAR Y APORTAR EVIDENCIAS PRELIMINARES DE VALIDEZ DE LA ESCALA DE TEORÍA CULTURAL DE COSMOVISIONES AMBIENTALES EN EL CONTEXTO LATINOAMERICANO. SE ANALIZARON EVIDENCIAS DE VALIDEZ DE CONTENIDO MEDIANTE EL JUICIO DE CUATRO EXPERTOS, VALIDEZ DISCRIMINANTE Y CONVERGENTE, ESTRUCTURA INTERNA A TRAVÉS DE ANÁLISIS FACTORIAL EXPLORATORIO Y CONFIRMATORIO, Y CONSISTENCIA INTERNA A TRAVÉS DEL COEFICIENTE OMEGA. MEDIANTE UN MUESTREO NO PROBABILÍSTICO POR CONVENIENCIA, SE SELECCIONARON 500 PARTICIPANTES EN EDAD ADULTA QUE RESIDÍAN EN LA REGIÓN DEL ÑUBLE, CHILE. SE OBTUVO UNA VERSIÓN REVISADA Y ADECUADA LINGÜÍSTICAMENTE DEL INSTRUMENTO, QUE PRESENTÓ COEFICIENTES DE CONCORDANCIA DE KAPPA QUE FLUCTUARON ENTRE CONSIDERABLE Y CASI PERFECTO EN CUANTO A SU CONTENIDO. LOS ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICOS DAN CUENTA DE LA IDONEIDAD DEL INSTRUMENTO DE 15 ÍTEMS Y UN ANÁLISIS FACTORIAL CONFIRMATORIO QUE APOYA LA ESTRUCTURA INTERNA DE CUATRO FACTORES (INDIVIDUALISMO, IGUALITARISMO, JERARQUISMO Y FATALISMO); IGUAL QUE LA VERSIÓN ORIGINAL. LOS COEFICIENTES DE CONSISTENCIA INTERNA FUERON ACEPTABLES PARA LAS CUATRO SUBESCALAS. RESPECTO A LA VALIDEZ DISCRIMINANTE SE OBTUVIERON MEDIDAS DE VARIANZA EXTRAÍDA ADECUADAS PARA IGUALITARISMO, JERARQUISMO Y FATALISMO (SÓLO INDIVIDUALISMO PRESENTÓ VALORES LEVEMENTE BAJO LO ESPERADO), Y RESPECTO A LA VALIDEZ CONVERGENTE SE OBTUVIERON VALORES ADECUADOS EN FIABILIDAD COMPUESTA PARA LOS CUATRO FACTORES. ESTOS HALLAZGOS AVALAN EL USO DE LA VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL DE LA ESCALA DE TEORÍA CULTURAL DE COSMOVISIONES AMBIENTALES EN POBLACIÓN DE HABLA HISPANA, CONTRIBUYENDO A LA POTENCIAL AMPLIACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS SOCIOCULTURALES SOBRE EL MEDIOAMBIENTE EN LATINOAMÉRICA.

ESTE LIBRO EXPONE ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS CLAVES PARA LA ADECUADA APLICACIÓN DE LOS ENFOQUES DE CICLO DE VIDA A LA GESTIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS, HACIENDO REFERENCIA AL ESTADO DEL ARTE Y A LOS DEBATES QUE APUNTAN LOS RETOS METODOLÓGICOS MÁS RELEVANTES, EN UNA ESTRUCTURA DE 5 CAPÍTULOS.

HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY CAN CAUSE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS, THE GENERATION OF WASTE, AND OTHER INPUTS AND OUTPUTS NECESSARY TO TREAT AND DISTRIBUTE WATER. THESE IMPACTS DEPEND ON THE POPULATION?S CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, DUE TO THE POTENTIAL AVAILABILITY OF DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES. IN THIS WORK, THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF WATER SUPPLY WERE EVALUATED FROM A PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION PERSPECTIVE, INTEGRATING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) AND A SURVEY FOR DETERMINING THE END USES AND SOURCES OF WATER AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL. THE PROPOSED METHOD WAS APPLIED IN THE CITY OF CHILLÁN (CHILE), WHERE THREE MAIN SOURCES EXIST: TAP, BOTTLED, AND WELL WATER. TWO HOUSEHOLD PROFILES WERE EVALUATED, DIFFERENTIATED BY THE PRESENCE OF WELLS WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT BOTTLED WATER GENERATES IMPACTS UP TO THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE GREATER THAN THE OTHER SOURCES. ALTHOUGH IT IS THE SOURCE WITH THE LOWEST VOLUMETRIC CONTRIBUTION (

THE AUTHORS WISH TO INFORM THAT DUE TO ERRORS DURING THE TYPESETTING OF THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE, THE COLOUR LEGEND IN THE CAPTION OF FIGURE 6 PRESENT SOME ERRORS. THE CORRECT CAPTION, ALONG WITH THE CORRESPONDING FIGURE, IS NOW PRESENTED BELOW.[FORMULA PRESENTED] THE AUTHORS, EDITORS AND JOURNAL MANAGERS WOULD LIKE TO APOLOGISE FOR ANY INCONVENIENCE CAUSED.

WASTEWATER REUSE IS A RELEVANT STRATEGY FOR CONFRONTING WATER SCARCITY. SEVERAL TECHNOLOGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR WATER RECLAMATION, BUT ONLY SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED AT REAL SCALE. AGAINST THIS BACKDROP, THE PRESENT REVIEW AIMS TO COMPARE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MAIN TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED AT PILOT AND INDUSTRIAL SCALE FOR SEWAGE REUSE. IN ORDER TO DO SO, WE CONDUCTED A SEARCH FOR SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES IN WEB OF SCIENCE, USING DIFFERENT SEARCH STRINGS AND FOCUSING EXCLUSIVELY IN STUDIES AT PILOT AND INDUSTRIAL SCALE. A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE RETRIEVED WORKS WAS PERFORMED, FOLLOWED BY A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THEIR MAIN FINDINGS REGARDING THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF REGULATED AND EMERGING POLLUTANTS, AND THEIR COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL REUSE GUIDELINES. THE BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT PUBLIC POLICIES PROMOTING WASTEWATER REUSE IS A RELEVANT DRIVER BEHIND THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RECLAMATION TECHNOLOGIES, AND SHOWS THAT MOST OF THE PUBLISHED RESEARCH HAS BEEN ORIENTED TOWARDS TECHNICAL ASSESSMENTS, WITH LESS REPORTS DEALING WITH SOCIAL ISSUES. MANY OF THE IDENTIFIED PROCESSES SHOW SIGNIFICANT REMOVALS OF CONVENTIONALLY REGULATED POLLUTANTS, AND ALLOW TO MEET THE QUALITY STANDARDS OF INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES. AMONG THOSE, MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES PRESENT SIGNIFICANT AND CONSISTENT REMOVAL OF SEVERAL CONTAMINANTS. HOWEVER, THE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS REMAINS AN IMPORTANT CHALLENGE FOR REUSE TECHNOLOGIES, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING AND OPTIMIZING THE OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE AN EFFICIENT, SAFE, AND CONSISTENT REMOVAL, BOTH IN TERMS OF THE PRESENCE OF THE AFOREMENTIONED CONTAMINANTS AND CHALLENGES SUCH AS ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS, IS EMPHASIZED.

AS PRE-TREATMENT PROCESSES IMPROVE BIOGAS PRODUCTION DURING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES OF DIGESTERS WILL ADAPT TO THE EXPOSITION TO PRE-TREATED SUBSTRATE IN TERMS OF THEIR COMPOSITION OR ACTIVITY. IN THIS STUDY, THE INFLUENCE OF SONO-THERMAL PRE-TREATMENT OVER THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES OF DIGESTERS OPERATED AT DECREASING SOLIDS RETENTION TIMES (SRT) WAS ASSESSED. DIFFERENCES IN THE MICROBIOME AND SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES WERE OBSERVED AND ASSOCIATED WITH PRE-TREATMENT AND SRT. PRE-TREATMENT INCREASED METHANE YIELDS (19.1?29.9%), BACTERIAL RANGE-WEIGHTED RICHNESS (27.8?46.5%) AND ARCHAEA CONCENTRATION (ONE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE IN TERMS OF 16S RDNA GVS?1), WITHOUT CAUSING PROCESS INHIBITION OR INSTABILITY. NO EFFECT OVER ARCHAEA RICHNESS WAS OBSERVED, WHICH WAS DOMINATED BY THE PRESENCE OF ACETOCLASTIC METHANOGENS. HYDROLYTIC AND ACIDOGENIC ACTIVITIES WERE SIMILAR AMONG THE REACTORS AND ACROSS SRT, WITH VALUES OF 1.55?2.28 GCOD?1D?1 AND 1.45?1.88 GCOD?1D?1, RESPECTIVELY. METHANOGENIC ACTIVITY SHOWED A POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH SRT, WITH VALUES OF 0.12?0.13 GCOD GVS?1 D?1 AT 7.5 DAYS SRT AND 0.31?0.37 GCOD GVS?1 D?1 AT 30 DAYS SRT. OVERALL, THE RESULTS SHOWN THAT THE MAIN DRIVERS OF THE OBSERVED EFFECTS OVER METHANE YIELD AND THE MICROBIOME WERE ORGANIC LOADING RATE AND THE SOLUBILIZATION CAUSED BY PRE-TREATMENT.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS METHOD FOR PRODUCING PURE CEO2 DEPOSITS AND CEO2 DEPOSITS LOADED WITH VARYING PROPORTIONS OF FE2O3. THE DEPOSITS WERE CALCINED AT 950 °C AND CHARACTERIZED STRUCTURALLY, COMPOSITIONALLY, AND MORPHOLOGICALLY USING XRD, XPS, SEM, FT-IR, AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES. CERIANITE AND HEMATITE PHASES WERE IDENTIFIED IN CEO2/FE2O3 SAMPLES, INDICATING HETEROGENEOUS SURFACE DEPOSITS. PHOTOCATALYTIC TESTING UNDER UV?VIS ILLUMINATION FOR 5 H DEMONSTRATED PROMISING RESULTS. FOR THE DEGRADATION OF BRIGHT GREEN DYE, EFFICIENCIES OF 78.9 % AND 90.1 % WERE ACHIEVED FOR PURE CEO2 AND CEO2 SAMPLES LOADED WITH 1.0 MOL% FE2O3, RESPECTIVELY. SIMILARLY, FOR OXYTETRACYCLINE DRUG DEGRADATION, PERFORMANCE RATES OF 35.3 % AND 67.0 % WERE OBSERVED FOR CEO2 AND CEO2 SAMPLES LOADED WITH 1.0 MOL% FE2O3, RESPECTIVELY. RECYCLABILITY TESTS SHOWED A GRADUAL DECLINE IN PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OVER SUCCESSIVE CYCLES DUE TO BY-PRODUCT ACCUMULATION CONTAMINATING THE CATALYST.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IS LIMITED AT THE HYDROLYSIS STAGE OF THE PROCESS. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF SLUDGE RETENTION TIMES AND ULTRASOUND PRETREATMENT ON THE AMMONIUM CONCENTRATION AND ORGANIC MATTER TRANSFORMATION IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS TREATING SEWAGE SLUDGE. TO ACHIEVE THIS, TWO LABORATORY-SCALE SEMICONTINUOUS ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS WERE OPERATED FOR A PERIOD OF OVER 70 D, INCLUDING A CONTROL REACTOR AND ANOTHER FED BY PRETREATED SLUDGE. BOTH ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS WERE FED WITH MIXED SLUDGE (50%/50% PRIMARY/SECONDARY TREATMENT) IN MESOPHILIC CONDITIONS (37 °C), WITH SOLID RETENTION TIMES (SRT) OF 7.5 D (PHASE I) AND 3 D (PHASE II). THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS WAS ASSESSED IN TERMS OF THE METHANE YIELD AND THE TOTAL AND SOLUBLE CHEMICAL ORGANIC DEMAND, TOTAL SOLIDS, AND VOLATILE SOLIDS REMOVAL. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ULTRASOUND PRETREATMENT CAUSED AN INCREASE OF AROUND 22.2% IN CODT REMOVAL FOR AN SRT OF 7.5 D. MEANWHILE, AN SRT OF 3 D RESULTED IN A DECREASE OF UP TO 92.4% IN CODT REMOVAL. THE PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND ORGANIC MATTER REMOVAL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE SRT REDUCTION TO 3 D, SHOWING THAT THE PROCESS IS NOT VIABLE IN THESE CONDITIONS.

THE EFFECTS OF CULTURE SYSTEMS AND SEASONALITY ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWS) REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. THIS STUDY AIMS TO QUANTIFY THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF COMMON AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN A PILOT-SCALE HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW (HSSF) CW PLANTED WITH MONOCULTURES AND A POLYCULTURE. EIGHT SCENARIOS WERE EVALUATED, DIFFERENTIATED BY PLANT TYPE, CULTURE SYSTEM, AND SEASON (WARM SEASON, COLD SEASON). ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE WAS EVALUATED USING THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) METHODOLOGY. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INDEX (?P), BASED ON EUTROPHICATION REDUCTION (KGP REMOVED), AND NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT (NEB) INDICATORS WERE ALSO CALCULATED. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT A CW PLANTED WITH POLYCULTURES REDUCED FE BY 5?17% COMPARED TO THOSE PLANTED IN MONOCULTURES. HOWEVER, THE POLYCULTURE HAD THE HIGHEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN THE GW CATEGORY, UP TO 1.5?9 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT OF MONOCULTURES. FURTHERMORE, THERE WAS BETTER PERFORMANCE IN THE COLD SEASON IN ALL SCENARIOS. SPECIFICALLY, NEB SHOWED AN ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT FOR FRESHWATER EUTROPHICATION AND A NEGATIVE BENEFIT FOR GLOBAL WARMING. THE ?P INDICATOR WAS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE ELIMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS, WITH THE POLYCULTURE CW REACHING THE HIGHEST VALUES OF 3399 KGCO2EQ/KGP REMOVED IN THE WARM SEASON. THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PATTERNS COULD SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES FOR BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF CWS, WITH POLYCULTURES USED AS AN ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT.

IN THIS RESEARCH, ULTRASOUND (US; 26 KHZ) APPLICATION WAS EVALUATED AS TERTIARY TREATMENT OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER COMING FROM CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE (AS) AND CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (CW) SYSTEMS. THE DEGREE OF DISINFECTION WAS EVALUATED THROUGH THE TOTAL (TC) AND FAECAL (FC) COLIFORMS AND BY SOMATIC COLIPHAGES (SCS) DETERMINATIONS. THE EXPERIMENTS WERE CARRIED OUT WITHOUT TEMPERATURE CONTROL AT TIMES OF 200, 400 AND 600 S AND WITH TEMPERATURE CONTROL (298.1 K) AT 600, 1200 AND 1800 S. CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF C, N AND P WERE ALSO STUDIED. THE RESULTS SHOWN THAT TREATMENT WITHOUT TEMPERATURE CONTROL ALLOWED 100% INACTIVATION FOR TC, FC AND SC AT 600 S, WHILE MAXIMUM WITH TEMPERATURE WAS ACHIEVED AT 1800 S. TEMPERATURE WAS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING PATHOGENS INACTIVATION. IN BOTH CASES, MICROORGANISM CONCENTRATIONS COMPLIED WITH DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR THE REUSE OF TREATED WASTEWATER. AT 1800 S SONICATION CONCENTRATIONS OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS WERE REDUCED 39.5, 39.4, 50.0 AND 37.3% TN IN THE AS-TREATED WATER AND 24.0, 49.8, 20.2 AND 7.7% IN THE CW-TREATED WATER, RESPECTIVELY. IN BOTH CASES, THE FORMATION OF H ? AND OH ? RADICALS IS MOST LIKELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED POLLUTANTS REMOVAL. WHILE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF ULTRASOUND WAS HIGHER THAN OTHER ADVANCED TREATMENTS SUCH AS ELECTROCOAGULATION, ITS IMPLEMENTATION ALLOWS THE SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF PATHOGENS AND ORGANIC POLLUTANTS WITHOUT THE GENERATION OF TOXIC BY-PRODUCTS. IN CONCLUSION, ULTRASOUND CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AS TERTIARY TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER FOR THE REMOVAL OF BIOLOGICAL AND ORGANIC POLLUTION, ACCORDING TO REUSE GUIDELINES IN TERMS OF PATHOGENS PRESENCE.

ALTHOUGH WASTEWATER REUSE IS A VITAL STRATEGY FOR MITIGATING WATER SCARCITY, ITS IMPLEMENTATION IS COMPLEX AND FACES SEVERAL CHALLENGES. TO EFFECTIVELY INFORM DECISION-MAKERS, COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATIONS ARE ESSENTIAL, CONSIDERING THE STRATEGY'S BENEFITS AND SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS IN A CASE-SPECIFIC MANNER. THIS STUDY EMPLOYS THE SOCIAL METABOLISM CONCEPT TO ASSESS THE SUSTAINABILITY OF WASTEWATER REUSE, THROUGH THE JOINT APPLICATION OF THE MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (MFA) AND MULTISCALE INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF SOCIETAL AND ECOLOGICAL METABOLISM (MUSIASEM) TOOLS. WE ANALYZE KEY ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER REUSE, INCLUDING ITS POTENTIAL AS A WATER SOURCE, ITS TECHNICAL CHALLENGES, AND MAIN SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS. THE RESULTS OF OUR ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL OF WASTEWATER REUSE TO IMPROVE URBAN SELF-SUFFICIENCY, REPLACE WATER IN RELEVANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL, AND AVOID THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE. NEVERTHELESS, THE VIABILITY OF WASTEWATER REUSE IS CONSTRAINED BY VARIATIONS IN WASTEWATER FLOW AND EFFLUENT QUALITY. THIS LIMITATION IS FURTHER COMPOUNDED BY SOCIAL BARRIERS, WHICH BECOME MORE PRONOUNCED WITH INCREASED CONTACT WITH RECLAIMED WATER. OVERALL, THE PROPOSED FRAMEWORK SERVES AS A VALUABLE TOOL FOR EVALUATING WASTEWATER REUSE ALTERNATIVES. IT CAN BE ENRICHED BY IN-DEPTH ASSESSMENTS OF CRITICAL PROBLEMS, PROVIDING A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE MULTIFACETED ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER REUSE.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO COMPARE THREE MODELS: THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA), THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (TPB), AND ITS EXTENDED FORM (ETPB), TO PREDICT THE INTENTION OF CHILEAN CONSUMERS FOR PURCHASING GREEN PRODUCTS. FIVE HUNDRED PEOPLE WERE SURVEYED, ESTABLISHING AN INTER-RATER RELIABILITY ANALYSIS, AND A DISCRIMINANT, CONVERGENT AND CONSTRUCT VALIDITY USING THREE STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS (SEM). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ETPB MODEL IS USEFUL TO EXPLAIN THE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR INTENTION FOR GREEN PRODUCTS BASED ON A TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE, WHOSE MAIN CONTRIBUTION IS THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN (EC) ON THE MODEL. THE STUDY FOUND THAT OF THE THREE VARIABLES, PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL (PBC) WAS THE STRONGEST PREDICTOR OF PURCHASE INTENTION (PI), FOLLOWED BY ATTITUDE (ATT). IN CONCLUSION, BOTH THE ETPB MODEL AND THE GREEN PRODUCTS PURCHASE INTENTION INSTRUMENT CONTRIBUTE TO BROADEN THE STUDIES ABOUT CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN SUSTAINABLE MARKETING IN CHILE.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO COMPARE THREE MODELS: THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA), THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (TPB), AND ITS EXTENDED FORM (ETPB), TO PREDICT THE INTENTION OF CHILEAN CONSUMERS FOR PURCHASING GREEN PRODUCTS. FIVE HUNDRED PEOPLE WERE SURVEYED, ESTABLISHING AN INTER-RATER RELIABILITY ANALYSIS, AND A DISCRIMINANT, CONVERGENT AND CONSTRUCT VALIDITY USING THREE STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS (SEM). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ETPB MODEL IS USEFUL TO EXPLAIN THE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR INTENTION FOR GREEN PRODUCTS BASED ON A TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE, WHOSE MAIN CONTRIBUTION IS THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN (EC) ON THE MODEL. THE STUDY FOUND THAT OF THE THREE VARIABLES, PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL (PBC) WAS THE STRONGEST PREDICTOR OF PURCHASE INTENTION (PI), FOLLOWED BY ATTITUDE (ATT). IN CONCLUSION, BOTH THE ETPB MODEL AND THE GREEN PRODUCTS PURCHASE INTENTION INSTRUMENT CONTRIBUTE TO BROADEN THE STUDIES ABOUT CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN SUSTAINABLE MARKETING IN CHILE.

ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS (OMP) IN THE HOUSEHOLD AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER ARE NOT EFFICIENTLY REMOVED BY CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PROCESSES AND A SIGNIFICANT FRACTION ENDS IN SLUDGE. PROPER VALORIZATION TECHNOLOGIES BECOME FUNDAMENTAL TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT, WITH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD) AS ONE OF THE PREFERRED STRATEGIES. HOWEVER, IT EXHIBITS SOME LIMITATIONS THAT CAN BE OVERCOME WITH PRE-TREATMENT PROCESSES. IN THIS STUDY, THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENT CONFIGURATIONS OVER OMP CONCENTRATION AND REMOVAL DURING AD WAS ASSESSED. THE INCORPORATION OF A SEQUENTIAL US - TT-PT RESULTED IN DECREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF 7 OF THE 9 DETECTED COMPOUNDS IN BIOSOLIDS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL AD DIGESTATE, WITH BISPHENOL-A AND TER-OCTYLPHENOL SHOWING THE OPPOSITE EFFECT. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE ASSESSED PT COULD IMPROVE THE REMOVAL OF SEQUESTERED OR HIGHLY HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUNDS THROUGH THEIR SOLUBILIZATION AND INCREASED BIOAVAILABILITY.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY (CE) IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEM IN WHICH THE VALUE OF PRODUCTS, MATERIALS AND RESOURCES IS MAINTAINED FOR AS LONG AS POSSIBLE, MINIMIZING THEIR CONSUMPTION AND THE GENERATION OF WASTE. WITHIN THE CE FRAMEWORK, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD) REPRESENTS AN ATTRACTIVE TECHNOLOGY, AS IT USES WASTE TO PRODUCE BIOGAS AS RENEWABLE ENERGY AND STABILIZES THE SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR LAND APPLICATION. IN THIS WAY, THIS TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTES TO ?CLOSING THE LOOP? BETWEEN ENERGY CONSUMPTION, FOOD PRODUCTION AND THE DISPOSAL OF THE SUBSEQUENT WASTE. HOWEVER, THESE POTENTIAL BENEFITS MAY BE LIMITED BY NEGATIVE IMPACTS RELATED TO THE LAND DISPOSAL OF THE STABILIZED SEWAGE SLUDGE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PRESENCE OF MICROPOLLUTANTS (MPS) IN THE INPUT SLUDGE AND THE INABILITY OF CURRENT AD METHODS TO REMOVE THEM ARE RECOGNIZED POTENTIAL RISKS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND FOR THE ENVIRONMENT. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT MPS PRESENT IN THE RAW SEWAGE SLUDGE AND STABILIZED SEWAGE SLUDGE (BIOSOLIDS) WITH AD, TO ASSESS THEIR POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS, AND TO HIGHLIGHT POSSIBLE REMEDIATION STRATEGIES. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THREE IMPORTANT GROUPS: PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCPS), METALLIC TRACE ELEMENTS, AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS). THE RESULTING TOXICITY OF THE BIOSOLIDS WILL DEPEND ON THE OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AD AND ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFERENT MPS. THESE TWO FACTORS ULTIMATELY DETERMINE THEIR FINAL CONCENTRATION, THEIR PERSISTENCE AND BIOACCUMULATIVE POTENTIAL, AND THE FORMATION OF METABOLITES, WHICH SOMETIMES CAN BE MORE TOXIC THAN THE CORRESPONDING PARENTAL COMPOUNDS.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTATE QUALITY OF ADVANCED ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCLUDING SEQUENTIAL ULTRASOUND?THERMAL (55?°C) PRE-TREATMENT. BOTH STAGES OF PRE-TREATMENT CONTRIBUTED TO CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) SOLUBILIZATION, WITH AN OVERALL FACTOR OF 11.4?±?2.2%. PRE-TREATMENT LED TO 19.1, 24.0 AND 29.9% INCREASED METHANE YIELDS AT 30, 15 AND 7.5?DAYS SOLID RETENTION TIMES (SRT), RESPECTIVELY, WITHOUT AFFECTING PROCESS STABILITY OR ACCUMULATION OF INTERMEDIATES. PRE-TREATMENT DECREASED UP TO 4.2% WATER RECOVERY FROM THE DIGESTATE, BUT SRT WAS A MORE RELEVANT FACTOR CONTROLLING DEWATERING. ADVANCED DIGESTION SHOWED 2.4?3.1 AND 1.5 LOGARITHMIC REMOVALS OF COLIFORMS AND COLIPHAGES, RESPECTIVELY, AND UP TO A 58% INCREASE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF INORGANICS IN THE DIGESTATE SOLIDS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL DIGESTION. THE COD BALANCE OF THE PROCESS SHOWED THAT THE OBSERVED INCREASE IN METHANE PRODUCTION WAS PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRE-TREATMENT SOLUBILIZATION EFFICIENCY.

IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IS A KEY FACTOR IN ATTAINING OPTIMAL YIELDS, AS DIFFERENT IRRIGATION STRATEGIES LEAD TO DIFFERENT YIELDS EVEN WHEN USING THE SAME AMOUNT OF WATER OR UNDER THE SAME WEATHER CONDITIONS. OUR RESEARCH AIMED TO SIMULATE THE WATER-USE EFFICIENCY (WUE) OF CROPS CONSIDERING DIFFERENT IRRIGATION STRATEGIES IN THE CENTRAL VALLEY OF CHILE. BY MEANS OF AQUACROP-OS, WE SIMULATED EXPECTED YIELDS FOR COMBINATIONS OF CROPS (MAIZE, SUGAR BEET, WHEAT), SOIL (CLAY LOAM, LOAM, SILTY CLAY LOAM, AND SILTY LOAM), AND BULK DENSITY. THUS, WE TESTED FOUR WATERING STRATEGIES: RAINFED, SOIL MOISTURE-BASED IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION WITH A FIXED INTERVAL EVERY 1, 3, 5, AND 7 DAYS, AND AN ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL IRRIGATION SCHEDULING UNDER WATER SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS (GET-OPTIS). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT AN EFFICIENT IRRIGATION STRATEGY MUST ACCOUNT FOR SOIL AND CROP CHARACTERISTICS. AMONG THE TESTED STRATEGIES, GET-OPTIS LED TO THE BEST PERFORMANCE FOR CROP YIELD, WATER USE, WATER-USE EFFICIENCY, AND PROFIT, FOLLOWED BY THE SOIL MOISTURE-BASED STRATEGY. THUS, SOIL TYPE HAS AN IMPORTANT INFLUENCE ON THE YIELD AND PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION STRATEGIES, AS IT PROVIDES A SIGNIFICANT STORAGE AND BUFFER FOR PLANTS, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE ?MORE CROP PER DROP?. THIS WORK CAN SERVE AS A METHODOLOGICAL GUIDE FOR SIMULATING THE WATER-USE EFFICIENCY OF CROPS AND CAN BE USED ALONGSIDE EVIDENCE FROM THE FIELD.