THIS WORK ALLOWS CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING THE CONSUMPTION PROFILES OF NON-RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS (WITHOUT DISTRIBUTED GENERATION) BASED ON THE CONSUMPTION CURVES OBTAINED FROM THE RECORDS REPORTED BY 934 SMART METERS IN THE PERIOD FROM JANUARY TO DECEMBER 2019, AND WHICH BELONG TO AN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY IN CHILE, SAESA GROUP S.A. TO ACHIEVE THE CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONSUMPTION PROFILES, THREE TYPICAL DAYS ARE ANALYZED AND DETERMINED, WHICH CORRESPOND TO WORKING DAYS (MONDAY TO FRIDAY), SATURDAYS, AND SUNDAYS OR HOLIDAYS. THESE THREE TYPICAL DAYS ARE ANALYZED FOR EACH TRIMESTER OF 2019. THE DATA PROCESSING IS CARRIED OUT ON THE POWER BI AND MATLAB® PLATFORMS. IN POWER BI, THE DATA PROVIDED BY THE ELECTRICITY COMPANY ARE WORKED, OBTAINING THE AVERAGE CONSUMPTION CURVES FOR EACH CLIENT IN EACH PERIOD OF STUDY CONSIDERED, WHILE INMATLAB®, THE VISUALIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE CURVES IS CARRIED OUT USING THE K-MEANS ALGORITHM, TO FINALLY OBTAIN THE RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. THE RESULTS SHOW THE EXISTENCE OF SEVEN TYPICAL PROFILES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BEHAVIOR OF NON-RESIDENTIAL CLIENTS, WHICH, IN SOME CASES, SHOW SIMILAR BEHAVIORS, DESPITE BEING FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES.

IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, A RISE IN THE PLANET EARTH POLLUTION HAS BROUGHT FORWARD A NECESITY FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND DIFFERENT WAYS TO EXPLOIT THEM IN ORDER TO REPLACE COAL, OIL AND GAS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE ENTIRE WORLD IS LOOKING FORWARD TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY BY THE MEANS OF -MAINLY- SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY, BUT ALSO SEARCHING FOR OTHER CLEAN ALTERNATIVES. THIS ELECTRICITY MAY BE USED TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE INTO AND OUT OF THE CITIES, HELPING TO REDUCE POLLUTION GASES THAT EVERY DAY SATURATES BIG TOWNS. IN FACT, IT IS EXPECTED FOR ELECTROMOBILITY TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT WAY TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE BY 2050, AND THEREFORE, THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROPER CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR ELECTRIC MACHINES BECOME IMPERATIVE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE DRIVING AND SAFETY IN MODERN POWERTRAINS. THIS PAPER STUDIES AND REVIEWS SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS, WITH A SPECIAL MENTION ABOUT, REGENERATIVE BRAKING, GRIP IMPROVEMENT, AND VECTORIAL TORQUE CONTROL CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE CAR DYNAMICS. AS RESULTS, THIS DOCUMENT SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN CONTROL SUCH AS MPC (MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL) WHICH HELPS WITH CRITICAL SAFETY DECISIONS THAT MAKE THE CAR STABLE, DTC (DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL) WHICH LABOR IS TO ENSURE THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF TORQUE IS PRODUCED BY THE POWER UNIT IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE DECISIONS MADE BY THE MPC OR THE FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS. ALL THESE CONTROL STRATEGIES MAKE CARS EVEN MORE FLEXIBLE, SAFE AND ROBUST THAN TRADITIONAL COMBUSTION ONES.

HIGH ENERGY DEMAND HAS CREATED MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS IN MANY COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD. THE WORLD IS EXPERIENCING A CRISIS THAT DRIVES US TO TAKE ACTION AND CONTRIBUTE TO NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH TO INFLUENCE THE ENERGY TRANSITION THROUGH A COMBINATION OF CONTROL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THESE PROCESSES. THIS PROMOTES THE USE OF NON- CONVENTIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY TO SUSTAIN LIFE AND PROMOTES SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT PROCESSES. THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING NEW APPLICATIONS, USING NEW TECHNOLOGIES, AND DESIGNING APPROPRIATE CONTROLS TO OPTIMIZE PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE ENERGY CONVERSION. THE FOCUS OF THIS WORK IS THE DESIGN, SIMULATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION TESTING OF AN OPTIMAL CONTROL IN THE MULTILEVEL NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED (NPC) TOPOLOGY. THE PROPOSED CONTROL, BY USING AN OPTIMAL STATE FEEDBACK BASED ON THE LINEARIZED MODEL OF THE CONVERTER, ALLOWS TO OPTIMIZE THE USE OF ENERGY IN THE REFERENCE VARIATIONS. THE RESULTS SHOW THE CORRECT CURRENT CONTROL, FOLLOWING THE REFERENCES IMPOSED BY THE POWER CONTROL WITH SPECIFIC DYNAMIC AND OVERSHOOT, INCLUDING THE DC LINK CAPACITORS UNBALANCING COMPENSATION.

RENEWABLE ENERGIES HAVE BROUGHT A SOLUTION FOR PERMANENT AND INEXHAUSTIBLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT. THE APPLICATIONS ARE NUMEROUS AND EVERY DAY MORE ACCESSIBLE FOR SMALLER COMPANIES THAT NEED TO REDUCED THEIR ENERGY EXPENSES. THIS PAPER STUDIES AND ANALYSES THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SOLAR ENERGY INSTALLATION ON A SMALL FARM CLOSE TO QUILLÓN, CHILE, A LITTLE TOWN WHOSE ECONOMY IS MAINLY BASED ON FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PRODUCTION. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY DIVIDES THE ANALYSIS INTO THREE CASES, WHICH DETERMINE THE SELECTION OF THE NUMBER OF PANELS ACCORDING TO (1) SUPPLYING OF THE TOTAL DEMAND IN THE MONTH WITH THE HIGHEST SOLAR IRRADIATION, (2) SUPPLYING OF THE TOTAL DEMAND IN THE MONTH WITH THE LOWEST SOLAR IRRADIATION, AND (3) SUPPLYING THE TOTAL DEMAND WITHOUT HAVING ENERGY EXCESSES INJECTED INTO THE GRID, BUT ONLY PRODUCE FOR SELF-SUPPLYING. ALL THE CASES ARE STUDIED AND THEREFORE THE DECISION MAY FOLLOW THE ECONOMIC ASPECT OF INVESTMENT IN THE SHORT, MIDDLE, AND LONG TERM. THUS, THESE ALTERNATIVES ARE VISIBLE FOR PRODUCERS TO TAKE THE OPTION THAT BEST FITS THEM.

THE PRESENT WORK PRESENTS THE STATE OF ART REVISION FOR THE CHILEAN LEGISLATION, NORMS AND GUIDES TO CARRY OUT A PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION AT THE UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO. THE CHILEAN SOLAR POTENTIAL WITH RESPECT THE REST OF THE WORLD, HIGH-LIGHTING CHILE AS THE WORLD LEADER IN SOLAR RESOURCE AVAILABILITY, WITH THE HIGHEST RADIATION RATES, EVEN BIGGER THAN COUNTRIES AS GERMANY, SPAIN, CHINA, UNITED STATES, WHICH HAVE A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) ENERGY INSTALLED. TO ATTAIN A PV INSTALLATION IT IS NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT AN ENERGY CONSUMPTION STUDY, CONSIDERING THE INVOICES OF THE ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION AND THE DAILY CONSUMPTION CURVE, IN ORDER TO DIMENSION THE NUMBER OF PV MODULES TO BE INSTALLED. IN ADDITION, THE PV CURVES ARE STUDIED TO EXTRACT THE MAXIMUM POWER FROM THE PV MODULES BY THE USE OF ALGORITHMS CAPABLE TO WORK INTO THE WHOLE SYSTEM OPERATING REGION, OPTIMIZING THE ENERGY INJECTION TO THE GRID AND/OR BATTERIES. FINALLY, AN ECONOMIC STUDY IS PRESENTED WHERE ECONOMICS TOOLS SUCH AS THE NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) AND INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) ARE EMPLOYED TO SHOW THIS PROJECT FEASIBILITY.

THE INCREASING INCORPORATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG) IN THE CHILEAN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WILL CAUSE THAT THERE ARE PERIODS OF THE DAY IN WHICH THE GENERATION EQUIPMENT INJECTS A LARGE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE POWER TO THE SYSTEM, CAUSING POSSIBLE STABILITY PROBLEMS, SUCH AS SOLAR GENERATION AT MIDDAY IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS, WHERE IT COINCIDES WITH THE HOURS WHERE PEOPLE ARE NORMALLY IN EDUCATION AND WORK CENTERS, SO THAT LOW CONSUMPTION COINCIDES WITH HIGH GENERATION. DUE TO THE ABOVE, THE LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF A RURAL AREA LOCATED IN CUNCUMÉN IN THE COQUIMBO REGION WAS MODELLED IN ETAP TO ANALYSE THE IMPACTS ON VOLTAGE, SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS AND POWER FLOWS THAT OCCUR DUE TO HIGH PHOTOVOLTAIC PENETRATION. THE RESULTS SHOWS THAT THE VOLTAGE AMPLITUDE CAN BE GREATLY AFFECTED UNDER THE ABOVEMENTIONED CIRCUMSTANCES.

SOLAR ENERGY IS AN INTERESTING ALTERNATIVE TO SUPPLY THE GROWING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FROM INDUSTRIES AND HOMES. IN FACT, MANY RESEARCHERS HAVE PUT EFFORT TO MAXIMIZE THE SOLAR SYSTEM EFFICIENCY. THIS PAPER, MAKE A COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE ALTERNATIVES OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ALGORITHMS (MPPT) TO INJECT THE MAXIMUM POWER TO THE GRID. THE PROPOSAL INCLUDES ONLY A THREE-PHASE INVERTER AVOIDING THE DC-DC CONVERTER AND THEREFORE THE CONTROL IS PERFORMED THROUGHOUT THE DC LINK VOLTAGE REFERENCE. THE COMPARISON INCLUDES THE TOTAL TIME TO COMPUTE EVERY ALGORITHM WHERE THE TMS320F28335 DSP BASED BOARD IS EMPLOYED. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE THREE-PHASE POWER CONVERTER IS CONTROLLED THROUGH NONLINEAR BASED CONTROL WHICH DECOUPLES AND LINEARIZES THE CURRENT RESPONSE. THE RESULTS GIVE KEY LINES TO DECIDE THE PROPER MTTP ALGORITHM CONSIDERING THE PROCESSING TIME AND THE DESIRED PERFORMANCE.

THIS PAPERS IS FOCUS ON THE PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY INJECTION TO THE GRID SYSTEM. THIS PROPOSAL IS PERFORMED BY THE USE OF A DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER IN COMBINATION WITH A THREE-PHASE INVERTER. THE DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER IS IN CHARGED TO TRACK MAXIMUM POWER POINT FROM A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY, MEANWHILE THE THREE-PHASE CONVERTER TRANSFORM THE DIRECT CURRENT TO ALTERN CURRENT IN ORDER TO BE INJECTED TO THE AC MAINS. THE METHOD PERTURB AND OBSERVE IS EMPLOYED TO CONTROL BOTH VOLTAGES AND CURRENT ON THE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES TRACKING THE MAXIMUM POINT OF POWER OPERATION. TO PROPERLY CONTROL THE THREE-PHASE CONVERTER A NONLINEAR ALGORITHM IS IMPLEMENTED TO GET A LINEAR RESPONSE AND IMPROVE THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR ON THE CONTROL. THE OVERALL RESULTS SHOWS THE FEASIBILITY AND THE GOOD PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED SUBSEQUENT ALGORITHM.

THE DESIGN OF ACCURATE CONTROL SYSTEM CAN TAKE A LOT OF EFFORT, ESPECIALLY WHEN ITS DYNAMICS ARE FAIRLY COMPLEX OR UNKNOWN AND A DESIRED OUTCOME IS CRITICAL. TO ESTIMATE THE REAL PARAMETERS OF THE DYNAMIC MODEL, THE LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION METHOD CAN BE USED, EVEN FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEMS USING THE INPUT AND OUTPUT MEASUREMENTS. THE TIME DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF NONLINEAR MODEL CAN BE LINEARIZED TO OBTAIN THE TRANSFER FUNCTION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN. THUS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO ADJUST THE CONTROLLER GAINS BASED ON THE ONLINE PARAMETERS ESTIMATION TO GET AN ACCURATE CONTROLLER CONTEMPLATING REAL SYSTEM CONSTANTS. IN THIS WORK, BOTH, THE ESTIMATION METHOD AND ADAPTIVE CONTROL METHOD ARE TESTED USING THE REMOTE LABORATORY SLD-UBB (REMOTE LABORATORY SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO).

RENEWABLE ENERGIES SOURCES HAVE GROWN REGULARLY IN THE LAST YEAR, BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN A SOLUTION NOT ONLY FOR REDUCING THE POWER EXPENSES BUT ALSO TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE REMOTE AREAS AND PLACES, MOREOVER, ALL COMPANIES WILL BE OBLIGATED TO PRODUCE OR BUY CLEAN ENERGY TO REACH CARBON NEUTRAL IN 2025. THUS, THIS PAPER MAKES THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF INCLUDING SOLAR POWER SYSTEM IN A MAYOR BERRIES AGROINDUSTRY. THE STUDY INCLUDES ALL CONSIDERATIONS THE FARMERS SHOULD CONSIDER FOR SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION IN ORDER TO NOT ONLY PRODUCE FOR THEMSELVES BUT ALSO SELL THE SURPLUS TO THE GRID. THIS IS IMPORTANT, SINCE DURING WINTER SEASON THE IRRIGATION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IS MINIMAL COMPARE WITH THE MIDDLE OF THE SUMMER, AND THEREFORE THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF PRODUCED ENERGY SHOULD BE SOLD TO THE GRID IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE INVESTMENT PAYBACK TIME. THE COMPLETE ANALYSIS IS ILLUSTRATED BASED ON THE ACTUAL NORMATIVE AND TOOLS TO CONFIGURE SOLAR SYSTEMS.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE CONTROL STRATEGIES: A PID BASED CONTROL, THE GAINS SCHEDULE PID BASED CONTROL AND A COMBINATION OF PID AND STATES FEEDBACK BASED CONTROL FOR A DC-DC POWER CONVERTER. THE DC-DC CONVERTER IS USUALLY EMPLOYED ON RENEWABLES ENERGIES TO PUMP THE VOLTAGE UP TO STANDARD VALUES ON THE GRID COUPLE POINT, WHICH IN THE CASE OF CHILE IS 220V RMS AND 50HZ; OR TO BE USED ON VOLTAGE REGULATORS, WHICH NEEDS TO MAINTAIN THE VOLTAGE TRACKING A REFERENCE INDEPENDENTLY OF THE INPUT VOLTAGE SUPPLY. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO ACHIEVE CONTROLLABLE SYSTEM INTO THE WHOLE POWER CONVERTER OPERATING REGION, WITH SIMILAR DYNAMIC RESPONSES. TO CORROBORATE THE MATHEMATICAL STUDY AND THE PROPOSED DESIGN, SIMULATIONS TESTS WERE PERFORMED IN SIMULINK/MATLAB ENVIRONMENT SHOWING EVERY STRATEGY STRENGTHS TO FAIRLY COMPARE THE RESULTS UNDER DISTURBANCES AND REFERENCES CHANGES.

IN THIS PAPER, A PRICING ALTERNATIVE BASED ON THE SCHEME OF TIME OF USE PRICING (TOUP) IS PROPOSED FOR CUSTOMERS CONNECTED TO THE COOPERATIVA ELÉCTRICA SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA (CESPA) MICROGRID, LOCATED IN THE FAR NORTH OF CHILE. WITH THIS PROPOSAL, THE PROMOTION OF DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT, DSM, AIMS AT OPTIMIZING BOTH THE USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY AND THE AVAILABLE INFRASTRUCTURE. THE PRICING PROPOSAL REPLACES THE CURRENT TARIFF SCHEME BASED ON SECTIONS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DOES NOT GIVE AN INCENTIVE FOR CUSTOMERS TO EFFICIENTLY MANAGE THEIR ENERGY CONSUMPTION. THE PROPOSAL CONSIDERS THE CREATION OF TIME BANDS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING TARIFF FORMULAS, TO OBTAIN ECONOMIC BENEFITS BOTH FOR CUSTOMERS AND THE ELECTRIC COMPANY. STUDY CASES CONSIDER THE OPERATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANT OF 2 MWP IN THE ELECTRIC SYSTEM OF CESPA, WHICH IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY. THE OBTAINED RESULTS REPORT BENEFITS FOR ALL PARTS OF THE ELECTRIC MARKET. FOR CUSTOMERS, FAVORABLE PRICING UP TO A 19.1% MONTHLY REDUCTION IN ELECTRIC BILLS IS SHOWN, WHEREAS THE COMPANY PRESENTS AN INCREMENT IN THEIR AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME OF ABOUT 7.7%

THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A SERIES OF EXPERIENCES IN AUTOMATION CONTROL THAT CAN BE CARRIED OUT BY USING A REMOTE LABORATORY SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED AT THE UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO (UBB). REMOTE LABORATORIES ARE INCREASINGLY USED BY UNIVERSITIES TO PERFORM THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES, ESPECIALLY FOR CONTROL ENGINEERING EDUCATION. THIS METHOD ALLOWS USING THE LABORATORY RESOURCES MORE EFFICIENTLY, AS IT GROWTHS THE AVAILABILITY UP TO 24 HOURS A DAY, REQUIRES NO EXTRA TIME TO PRACTICE ASSEMBLE, AND ALLOWS TO SHARE EXPENSIVE RESOURCES WITH MANY STUDENTS GEOGRAPHICALLY SEPARATED FROM THE LABORATORY SETUP. THE AIM OF THIS CONTRIBUTION IS TO SHOW, WITH PRACTICAL EXAMPLES, THE POTENTIAL OF THIS METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THE TEACHING OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL AT THE UBB WITH THE REMOTE LABORATORY SYSTEMS (?SISTEMA DE LABORATORIOS DISTANCIA?, SLD) DEVELOPED PRELIMINARILY IN THE UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE LAS VILLAS, CUBA. A SCALE MODEL OF COUPLED TANKS MADE UP BY THE FEEDBACK INSTRUMENTS COMPANY WAS INCORPORATED TO THE SLD AT THE UBB. THUS, A SERIES OF LEVEL CONTROL EXPERIENCES WERE DESIGNED TO VALIDATE THE PROPORTIONAL, INTEGRAL, AND DERIVATIVE ACTIONS EFFECTS OF CLASSIC PID CONTROLLERS. IN ADDITION, EXPERIENCES TO SHOW THE NECESSITY OF SOME PRACTICAL CHANGES ON THE CLASSICAL PID WERE ALSO DEVELOPED AS SENSED VARIABLES FILTERING, ANTI-WINDUP CORRECTION, AND DERIVATIVE ACTION FILTERING.