IN THIS ARTICLE ARE ANALYZED AND DISCUSSED WHAT SHOULD BE THE RULES THAT MUST BE APPLIED IN CHILE TO DEPLOY THE SMART GRID. IT EXAMINES WHAT KINDS OF STANDARDS CAN BE APPLIED IN VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF THE MAINS: IN THE GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RULES FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF DATA. IT ANALYZES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NETWORK OF SMART METERS, AND THERE ARE REGULATIONS THAT MUST BE MET.

EN ESTE ARTÍCULO SE DISEÑA UN NUEVO CÓDIGO CÍCLICO BIDIMENSIONAL QUE CORRIGE ERROR DE RÁFAGA, TAMBIÉN DETECTA Y CORRIGE ERROR DE DESLIZAMIENTO. UNA DE LA CARACTERÍSTICA DEL RUIDO CLASE A ES QUE ESTÁ CONSTITUIDO POR UN RUIDO DE RÁFAGA EL CUAL AFECTA A VARIOS BITS CONSECUTIVOS MÁS UN RUIDO GAUSSIANO. ESTE TRABAJO PROPONE UN CÓDIGO BIDIMENSIONAL QUE PERMITE CUMPLIR DOS TAREAS, UNA DISMINUIR EL RUIDO DE RÁFAGA Y EL OTRO DISMINUIR EL ERROR DE SINCRONIZACIÓN QUE SE PRODUCE CUANDO EXISTE UN DESLIZAMIENTO DE BITS Y EL RECEPTOR RECUPERA LA INFORMACIÓN CON ERROR. PARA EVALUAR EL DESEMPEÑO SE SIMULA UN CANAL CON RUIDO CLASE A. SE GRAFICA LA RAZÓN SEÑAL A RUIDO VERSUS LA PROBABILIDAD DE ERROR DE BITS, PARA DIFERENTES TAMAÑOS DE CÓDIGOS CÍCLICOS BIDIMENSIONALES Y SE COMPARA CON CÓDIGOS CÍCLICOS UNIDIMENSIONAL. DE ACUERDO A LOS RESULTADOS QUE SE OBTIENEN, ESTE CÓDIGO MEJORA LA CONFIABILIDAD DEL SISTEMA DE COMUNICACIÓN CUANDO SE TRANSMITE POR UN CANAL CON RUIDO CLASE A, DISMINUYENDO EN FORMA SIGNIFICATIVA LA PROBABILIDAD DE ERROR DE BIT Y DE DESLIZAMIENTO. LA INVESTIGACIÓN QUEDA ABIERTA PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE NUEVOS CÓDIGOS BIDIMENSIONALES QUE PERMITAN DISMINUIR LA PROBABILIDAD DE ERROR DE RÁFAGA Y EL ERROR DE SINCRONIZACIÓN.

IN THIS ARTICLE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CONCATENATION OF AN OPTIMUM CYCLIC CODE WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANGLE ROTATION CONSTELLATIONS (RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR AND HEXAGONAL) OF FOUR AND SIXTEEN SYMBOLS IS STUDIED. THE PERFORMANCE IS EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO THE BIT ERROR RATE VERSUS SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO. THE RESULTS ALLOW FOR A GREAT IMPROVEMENT AS COMPARED TO USING THE CONSTELLATIONS WITH ANGLE ROTATIONS ONLY.

ARE THE ONLY NATIVE VASCULAR SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE ANTARCTICREGION AND ARE A SOURCE OF INTEREST IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES.THESE PLANTS HAVE BEEN STUDIED FOR DECADES AND RECOGNIZEDAS BIOINDICATORS OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE. THE ARTICLE PRESENTSPRELIMINARY STUDIES AND RESULTS OF A THERMAL ACTUATOR, WHICH ISGOING TO BE APPLIED IN A CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES. THE ELABORATED,FAR INFRARED ACTUATOR TOGETHER WITH A CONTROL SYSTEM MAINTAINSTHE TEMPERATURE OF THE ANTARCTIC PLANT CERTAIN DELTA ABOVE THEAMBIENT TEMPERATURE. SINCE THE HEAT TRANSFER IS BASED ON INFRAREDRADIATION A THERMAL MODEL IS INTRODUCED, WHERE THE PARAMETERSOF THE MODEL ARE DETERMINED EMPIRICALLY APPROXIMATING IT USING A1-ST ORDER DYNAMICAL SYSTEM. ONCE DETERMINED, THE SYTEM MODELPAREMETERS HELP TO DESIGN THE CONTROL STRATEGIES: CONTROL ON-OFF(1) AND CONTROL PID (PROPORTIONAL?INTEGRAL?DERIVATIVE) (2). ASA RESULT WE OBTAIN THAT THE CONTROL PID MAINTAINS THE OBJECTSTEMPERATURE WITH MAJOR STABILITY THAN ON-OFF, WHAT MAKES ITPREFERABLE IN THE ?NAL APPLICATION. THE FUTURE WORKS INVOLVEMODELING AMBIENTAL PERTURBATION, WHICH AFFECTS THE SYSTEM ANDDETERMINATION THERMAL PARAMETERS OF THE ANTARCTIC PLANTS.

A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM FOR MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS BASED ON CONCATENATION OF CODE NRZ, IRREGULAR LDPC CODE AND EQUALIZER OF TWO BITS IS STUDIED. THE TRANSMITTER IS COMPOSED OF A NRZ LINE CODER AND IRREGULAR LDPC CODER WITH A LOW ERROR THRESHOLD. THE RECEIVER IS COMPOSED OF THE SUM-PRODUCT DECODER AND LOW COMPLEXITY EQUALIZER WITH A MAXIMUM PROBABILITY ESTIMATION SEQUENCE ALGORITHM. THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IS SIMULATED ON AN AWGN CHANNEL AND FAST FADING WITH RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION, FOR DIFFERENT WORD SIZES. A MOBILE SPEED OF 150 KM/H IS CONSIDERED. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF THE BIT ERROR PROBABILITY (BER) AND SIGNAL-TO-NOISE (SNR) IS CALCULATED FOR NRZ-LDPC CODES, ACHIEVING TO BER OF 10-5 A SNR OF 9 DB WITHOUT EQUALIZER AND A SNR OF 4.5 DB WITH EQUALIZER. THE RESULTS OF THE PERFORMANCE STUDY INDICATE THAT SYSTEM WITH NRZ-LDPC CODES AND EQUALIZER ACHIEVES A CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION OF THE SNR

COLOBANTHUS QUITENSIS AND DESCHAMPSIA ANTARTICA ARE THE ONLY NATIVE VASCULAR SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE ANTARCTIC REGION AND ARE A SOURCE OF INTEREST IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES. THESE PLANTS HAVE BEEN STUDIED FOR DECADES AND RECOGNIZED AS BIOINDICATORS OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE. THE ARTICLE PRESENTS PRELIMINARY STUDIES AND RESULTS OF A THERMAL ACTUATOR, WHICH IS GOING TO BE APPLIED IN A CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES. THE ELABORATED, FAR INFRARED ACTUATOR TOGETHER WITH A CONTROL SYSTEM MAINTAINS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ANTARCTIC PLANT CERTAIN DELTA ABOVE THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. SINCE THE HEAT TRANSFER IS BASED ON INFRARED RADIATION A THERMAL MODEL IS INTRODUCED, WHERE THE PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL ARE DETERMINED EMPIRICALLY APPROXIMATING IT USING A 1-ST ORDER DYNAMICAL SYSTEM. ONCE DETERMINED, THE SYTEM MODEL PAREMETERS HELP TO DESIGN THE CONTROL STRATEGIES: CONTROL ON-OFF (1) AND CONTROL PID (PROPORTIONAL?INTEGRAL?DERIVATIVE) (2). AS A RESULT WE OBTAIN THAT THE CONTROL PID MAINTAINS THE OBJECTS TEMPERATURE WITH MAJOR STABILITY THAN ON-OFF, WHAT MAKES IT PREFERABLE IN THE FINAL APPLICATION. THE FUTURE WORKS INVOLVE MODELING AMBIENTAL PERTURBATION, WHICH AFFECTS THE SYSTEM AND DETERMINATION THERMAL PARAMETERS OF THE ANTARCTIC PLANTS.

EN ESTE ARTÍCULO SE DISEÑA UN SISTEMA OFDM ÓPTIMO PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN BIDIRECCIONAL EN LAS REDES ELÉCTRICAS INTELIGENTES. LA TRANSMISIÓN SE REALIZA SIMULANDO UN CANAL CON RUIDO CLASE A, EL CUAL ES CARACTERÍSTICO DE LAS LÍNEAS ELÉCTRICAS DE ALTO, MEDIO Y BAJO VOLTAJE. EL SISTEMA OFDM ES ÓPTIMO PORQUE SE EMPLEAN CONSTELACIONES BIDIMENSIONALES ROTADAS: RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR Y HEXAGONAL DE CUATRO Y DIECISÉIS SÍMBOLOS QUE TIENEN MEJORES DESEMPEÑOS COMPARADOS A SUS CONTRAPARTES QUE SON LAS CONSTELACIONES SIN ROTAR. EL OFDM ÓPTIMO DISMINUYE LA PROBABILIDAD DE ERROR DE BITS COMO MÍNIMO DE 1X10-2 CUANDO SE COMPARAN CON OFDM-QAM, EN UN CANAL CON RUIDO CLASE A.

THIS WORK PRESENTS OPTIMAL ROTATIONS OF THE HEXAGONAL, CIRCULAR AND RECTANGULAR CONSTELLATIONS. FOUR AND SIXTEEN SYMBOLS USED IN A CLASS A NOISE CHANNEL. THE RESULTS SHOW A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT WITH RESPECT TO THE NON ROTATIONS CASE, REDUCING ERROR PROBABILITY TO LESS THAN 1 × 10 -4 .

IT PROPOSED A TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION SYSTEM FOR POWERLINE CHANNEL OF LOW VOLTAGE THREE-PHASE, WITH SPACE-TIME TECHNIQUE. THE DESIGN CODES SPACE-TIME HAVE RESTRICTIONS OF CODE RATE EQUAL TO ONE, WITH OPTIMAL DIVERSITY AND LOW DECODING COMPLEXITY. THE CODES ARE NOT ORTHOGONAL, THE CONSTELLATION THAT IS USED RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR AND HEXAGONAL OF SIXTEEN SYMBOLS. THE PERFORMANCE PARAMETER IS THE PROBABILITY OF SYMBOL ERROR VERSUS SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED CODES DESIGNED A VERY GOOD PERFORMANCE COMPARED WHEN NOT USING THE SPACE-TIME CODES ON A CHANNEL AS ADVERSE AS A BACKGROUND WHITE NOISE, IMPULSE NOISE AND FAST FADING RAYLEIGH.

THE PERFORMANCE OF A SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION FOR 4G MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS, USING THE IRREGULAR LOW DENSITY PARITY CHECK CODE AND EQUALIZER OF LOW COMPLEXITY IS STUDIED. THE TRANSMITTER USES THE CODIFICATION OF IRREGULAR LDPC ENCODER, WITH LOW ERROR FLOOR. THE RECEIVER IS COMPOSES OF A SUM PRODUCT DECODER AND EQUALIZER WITH A MAXIMUM ALGORITHM PROBABILITY ESTIMATION SEQUENCE WHICH A BIG DECREASE OF THE PROBABILITY OF ERROR OF THE SYSTEM IS ACHIEVED. THE CHANNEL OF TRANSMISSION IS AN ADDITIVE, WHITE, GAUSSIAN NOISE AND FAST FADING WITH RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION. A SPEED OF 150 KM/HR TO THE MOBILE IS CONSIDERED.

IN THIS PAPER THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCATENATION OF RECTANGULAR, RADIAL AND HEXAGONAL CONSTELLATIONS TO 4 AND 16 SYMBOLS AND GOLDEN INTERLEAVER ON LOW VOLTAGE POWER LINE CHANNEL IS STUDIED. RESULTS SHOW THAT RECTANGULAR CONSTELLATION ACHIEVE BEST PERFORMANCE THAN RADIAL AND HEXAGONAL CONSTELLATIONS TO 16 SYMBOLS. HOWEVER, THE RADIAL CONSTELLATION ACHIEVES BEST PERFORMANCE THAN RECTANGULAR AND HEXAGONAL CONSTELLATIONS TO 4 SYMBOLS. THE CONCATENATION OF RECTANGULAR, RADIAL CONSTELLATIONS AND GOLDEN INTERLEAVER GET A GREAT IMPROVEMENT OF BIT ERROR RATE VERSUS SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO.