MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) IS A CHILEAN BERRY RICH IN ANTIOXIDANTS, WHICH ARE MOSTLY FOUND IN THE PULP AND SKIN OF THE FRUIT. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO EVALUATE THE CRYOCONCENTRATION PROCESS BY CENTRIFUGATION?FILTRATION AS A SIMULTANEOUS, EFFICIENT, AND INNOVATIVE METHOD TO INCREASE THE CONTENT OF THERMOSENSITIVE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF AQUEOUS MAQUI EXTRACT. CRYOCONCENTRATION SEPARATED THE CONCENTRATED SOLUTE FROM THE AQUEOUS MAQUI EXTRACT WITH AN EFFICIENCY OF MORE THAN 95%; IT INCREASED THE CONTENT OF TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND TOTAL ANTHOCYANINS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY BY 280%, 573%, AND 226%, RESPECTIVELY. ALTHOUGH THE CONCENTRATES OBTAINED BY EVAPORATION AT 50, 70, AND 80 °C INCREASED THE CONTENT OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, THEY DID SO IN A LOWER PERCENTAGE THAN THE CRYOCONCENTRATE. FURTHERMORE, CYANIDIN 3,5-DIGLUCOSIDE WAS DEGRADED AT 70 AND 80 °C. IN CONCLUSION, CRYOCONCENTRATION BY CENTRIFUGATION?FILTRATION AS A SIMULTANEOUS PROCESS EFFICIENTLY SEPARATES THE SOLUTES FROM THE FROZEN MATRIX OF AQUEOUS MAQUI EXTRACT, AND IT MAINTAINS AND INCREASES THE CONTENTS OF POLYPHENOLS AND ANTHOCYANINS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY. THIS METHOD IS RECOMMENDED FOR CONCENTRATING NATURAL BERRY EXTRACTS WITH THERMOSENSITIVE COMPOUNDS.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CRYOCONCENTRATION ASSISTED BY CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION ON THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF AQUEOUS MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) AND CALAFATE (BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA G. FORST) EXTRACTS PRETREATED WITH HIGH-PRESSURE HOMOGENIZATION (HPH). AQUEOUS EXTRACTS WERE PREPARED FROM FRESH FRUITS WHICH WERE TREATED WITH HPH (PREDEFINED PRESSURE AND NUMBER OF PASSES). THE BEST PRETREATMENT WAS DETERMINED BY AEROBIC MESOPHILIC, FUNGAL, AND YEAST COUNTS. TREATED EXTRACTS WERE FROZEN AT ?30 °C IN SPECIAL TUBES AND CENTRIFUGED AT 4000 RPM FOR 10 MIN TO OBTAIN THE CRYOCONCENTRATED PRODUCT. THE OPTIMAL PRETREATMENT CONDITIONS FOR HPH WERE 200 MPA AND ONE PASS IN WHICH THE EXTRACTS EXHIBITED NO MICROORGANISM COUNTS. CRYOCONCENTRATION BY FREEZING AND SUBSEQUENT CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION IN A SINGLE CYCLE SHOWED HIGH PROCESS EFFICIENCY (>95%) IN BOTH SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS (TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND ANTHOCYANINS) AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THE FRESH FRUITS AND EXTRACTS. THE HPH TREATMENT AND SUBSEQUENT CRYOCONCENTRATION ASSISTED BY CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION IS AN EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN CONCENTRATES WITH GOOD MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND A HIGH CONTENT OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS.

PROXIMAL COMPOSITION, ZINC (ZN), CALCIUM (CA), AND IRON (FE) CONTENTS, SHRINKAGE PERCENTAGE, WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY, REHYDRATION CAPACITY, HARDNESS, AND SPRINGINESS OF FRESH AND DRIED CHILEAN SEA CUCUMBER (ATHYONIDIUM CHILENSIS) WERE EVALUATED IN THREE SEASONS. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES (P ? 0.05) WERE FOUND IN MOISTURE, PROTEIN, AND ASH CONTENTS IN SPRING AND SUMMER; HOWEVER, FAT CONTENT WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE FE AND CA CONTENTS WERE HIGH IN SPRING, WHILE ZN WAS HIGH IN AUTUMN. PRODUCTS OBTAINED IN SPRING EXHIBITED A HIGHER QUALITY INDEX ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER SHRINKAGE, HIGHER REHYDRATION CAPACITY, AND WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY AS WELL AS LOWER HARDNESS AND HIGHER SPRINGINESS.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO APPLY ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC (EHD) AS A PRETREATMENT, INCLUDING SEVERAL VOLTAGES AND AN APPLICATION TIME OF LESS THAN 1 H, COMBINED WITH FREEZE DRYING (FD) TO DETERMINE THEIR INFLUENCE ON DRYING KINETICS AND DRYING RATE, FINAL MOISTURE CONTENT, REHYDRATION RATE, AND WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY, ALSO, REHYDRATION AND WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY RATES DERIVED FROM THE WEIBULL MODEL. THE BEST COMBINATION WAS COMPARED WITH SUN DRYING (SD) AND FD. INITIAL DRYING RATE INCREASED BECAUSE EHD INFLUENCED THE MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE PRODUCT SURFACE AS EXPOSURE VOLTAGE INCREASED. REHYDRATION AND WATER ABSORPTION HAD A HETEROGENEOUS BEHAVIOR, REGARDLESS OF VOLTAGE. THE 30 KV-30 MIN PRETREATMENT HAD BETTER DRYING KINETICS AND RATE AND WAS THEREFORE COMPARED WITH FD AND SD, SHOWING BETTER RESULTS IN THE DRYING PARAMETERS. HOWEVER, FOR REHYDRATION BEFORE 2.5 H, FD BEHAVED BETTER. THE WEIBULL MODEL HAD A GOOD FIT TO THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE THREE TREATMENTS. CRUST FORMATION WAS GREATER IN THE SD TREATMENT, FOLLOWED BY EHD COMBINED WITH FD, WHICH WAS REFLECTED IN REHYDRATION.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF PEF TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY CRYOCONCENTRATION (C) IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) AND CALAFATE (BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA G.) ON THEIR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY, AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. EXTRACTS OF MAQUI AND CALAFATE WERE OBTAINED BY AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF WATER-SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS, AND THEN SAMPLES WERE TREATED BY PEF (10?KV/CM, 70?HZ AND A PULSE WIDTH OF 10 ?S) AND PASTEURIZATION (90°C/30?S); UNTREATED SAMPLES WERE USED AS CONTROLS. THE TREATED EXTRACTS WERE CRYOCONCENTRATED USING CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION, AND THE CRYOCONCENTRATION PARAMETERS INCLUDED SEPARATION EFFICIENCY (EFF) AND RECOVERED SOLUTE (RS). PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES WERE ALSO EVALUATED, SUCH AS SOLUBLE SOLIDS (SS), TITRATABLE ACIDITY (TTA), AND VISCOSITY (?), AS WELL AS BIOACTIVE COMPOUND CONTENT: TOTAL POLYPHENOLS (TP), TOTAL ANTHOCYANINS (TA), TOTAL FLAVONOIDS (TF) AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (AOXC). MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY WAS EVALUATED BY THE COUNTS OF THE MESOPHILIC AEROBIC MICROORGANISM (MAM) AND MOLDS AND YEASTS (M&Y). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE EFF OF THE SOLUTES WAS HIGHER THAN 95?% IN MAQUI AND 97?% IN CALAFATE. AS EXPECTED, THE CRYOCONCENTRATION PROCESS INCREASED TA, ?, AND SS CONTENT. IT ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (P

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CRYOCONCENTRATION ASSISTED BY CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION ON THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF AQUEOUS MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) AND CALAFATE (BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA G. FORST) EXTRACTS PRETREATED WITH HIGH-PRESSURE HOMOGENIZATION (HPH). AQUEOUS EXTRACTS WERE PREPARED FROM FRESH FRUITS WHICH WERE TREATED WITH HPH (PREDEFINED PRESSURE AND NUMBER OF PASSES). THE BEST PRETREATMENT WAS DETERMINED BY AEROBIC MESOPHILIC, FUNGAL, AND YEAST COUNTS. TREATED EXTRACTS WERE FROZEN AT ?30 °C IN SPECIAL TUBES AND CENTRIFUGED AT 4000 RPM FOR 10 MIN TO OBTAIN THE CRYOCONCENTRATED PRODUCT. THE OPTIMAL PRETREATMENT CONDITIONS FOR HPH WERE 200 MPA AND ONE PASS IN WHICH THE EXTRACTS EXHIBITED NO MICROORGANISM COUNTS. CRYOCONCENTRATION BY FREEZING AND SUBSEQUENT CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION IN A SINGLE CYCLE SHOWED HIGH PROCESS EFFICIENCY (>95%) IN BOTH SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS (TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND ANTHOCYANINS) AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THE FRESH FRUITS AND EXTRACTS. THE HPH TREATMENT AND SUBSEQUENT CRYOCONCENTRATION ASSISTED BY CENTRIFUGATION-FILTRATION IS AN EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN CONCENTRATES WITH GOOD MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND A HIGH CONTENT OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO ESTIMATE QUALITY CHANGES IN CHILEAN SEA CUCUMBER (ATHYONIDIUM CHILENSIS) USING SUN DRYING (SD), FREEZE-DRYING (FD), AND COMBINED ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC AND FD (EHD-FD) AT 30°C, PACKAGED IN LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PACKAGES AND STORED AT 30%, 50%, 70%, AND 90% RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH) FOR 3 MO. WATER ACTIVITY (AW) CONTENT, MOISTURE CONTENT (MC), TOTAL VOLATILE BASE NITROGEN (TVBN), HARDNESS, AND SPRINGINESS WERE MONITORED. THE WEIBULL MODEL WAS APPLIED TO DETERMINE KINETICS AND PREDICT SHELF LIFE. INITIALLY, SD EXHIBITED LOWER QUALITY. ALL INDICATORS INCREASED OVER TIME AT 70% AND 90% RH, REGARDLESS OF THE DRYING TREATMENT. THE WEIBULL MODEL WAS WELL FITTED WITH ALL TVBN DATA, THE INDICATOR SELECTED FOR SHELF LIFE. THE SHORTEST SHELF LIFE DURING STORAGE WAS FOR SD. AS FOR FD AND EHD-FD, THE MOST IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE OCCURRED AT 50% RH WITH 52 AND 44 DAYS, RESPECTIVELY.

MAQUI AND CALAFATE BIOWASTES WERE FRACTIONATED USING EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (SFE) AND PRESSURIZED LIQUID EXTRACTION (PLE) TO OBTAIN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. AN EXTRACTION PRESSURE OF 450 BAR AND 60 °C TEMPERATURE WERE THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR SFE, WHICH PRODUCED AN 8.48 % EXTRACTION RATE AND 2011.6 ?G TE/G OIL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY. THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR PLE INCLUDED 60 °C TEMPERATURE AND 3 EXTRACTION CYCLES; VALUES WERE 10.19 %, 2285.21 ?G TE/ML, 11.28 ?G GAE/ML, AND 540.25 MG EQ CYA-3-GLU/ML OR 501.13 MG EQ DPD-3-GLU/ML FOR PERCENTAGE EXTRACTION, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT, AND TOTAL ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT, RESPECTIVELY. TEMPERATURE AFFECTED THE PROCESS IN BOTH TECHNIQUES BY DEGRADING ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS IN SFE AND FACILITATING PLE PENETRATION BY SOFTENING THE PLANT MATRIX. SERIAL EXTRACTION AND BIOWASTE BLENDS INCREASED THE CONTENT OF NUTRIENTS WITH HEALTH BENEFITS, ESPECIALLY THE MAQUI/CALAFATE BIOWASTE BLEND (BB-M/C (75/25).