TETRANYCHUS URTICAE IS A HIGHLY POLYPHAGOUS MITE SPECIES, WITH 1,140 HOST PLANT SPECIES REPORTED WORLDWIDE. IN THIS STUDY, BOTH BLECHNUM CORDATUM TOXICITY AND REPELLENT ACTIVITY AGAINST T. URTICAE ARE REPORTED. REGARDING TOXICITY, THE ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION AT 250 PPM AND THE N-HEXANE FRACTIONS AT 250 PPM AND 100 PPM CAUSED THE GREATEST ACCUMULATED MORTALITY RATE WHEN APPLICATION WAS MADE STARTING DURING THE LARVAL STAGE. RESULTS SHOWED THAT EVEN AT THE LOWEST EVALUATED CONCENTRATION (10 PPM), BOTH FRACTIONS CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE T. URTICAE POPULATION. THE N-HEXANE FRACTION CAUSED 100 % REPELLENCY AT 50 PPM AND REPELLENCY SIGNIFICANTLY SUPERIOR TO THE CONTROL AT 10 PPM. RELATIVELY LOW ACTIVITY WAS FOUND WHEN TREATMENTS WERE APPLIED DIRECTLY TO ADULTS. IN ADDITION, RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE CUMULATIVE MORTALITY COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY STARVATION DUE TO THE OBSERVED REPELLENCY AND THE WELL-KNOWN DETERRENT ACTIVITY OF PHYTOECDYSTEROIDS (PES) FOUND IN THE EXTRACTS. FOUR PES FROM THE B. CORDATUM N-HEXANE FRACTION WERE ISOLATED: ECDYSONE, PONASTERONE A, SHIDASTERONE AND 2-DEOXYCRUSTECDYSONE.

TETRANYCHUS URTICAE ES UNA ESPECIE DE ÁCARO ALTAMENTE POLÍFAGO, CON REGISTROS EN 1.140 ESPECIES HOSPEDERAS A NIVEL MUNDIAL. EN EL PRESENTE ESTUDIO, SE REPORTA LA TOXICIDAD Y LA REPELENCIA DE BLECHNUM CORDATUM CONTRA T. URTICAE. CON RELACIÓN A LA TOXICIDAD, LAS FRACCIONES OBTENIDAS CON ACETATO DE ETILO A 250 PPM Y N-HEXANO A 250 PPM Y 100 PPM CAUSARON LAS MÁS ALTA TASAS DE MORTALIDAD ACUMULADA CUANDO SE HIZO LA APLICACIÓN DESDE EL ESTADIO LARVAL. LOS RESULTADOS DEL ESTUDIO MUESTRAN QUE AÚN A LAS MÁS BAJAS CONCENTRACIONES EVALUADAS (10 PPM), AMBAS FRACCIONES CAUSARON UNA DISMINUCIÓN SIGNIFICATIVA EN LA POBLACIÓN DEL ÁCARO. LA FRACCIÓN HEXÁNICA CAUSÓ 100 % DE REPELENCIA A 50 PPM Y UNA REPELENCIA SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE SUPERIOR AL CONTROL A 10 PPM. SE ENCONTRÓ UNA RELATIVA BAJA ACTIVIDAD CUANDO LOS TRATAMIENTOS SE APLICARON DIRECTAMENTE A ADULTOS. LOS RESULTADOS PERMITEN INFERIR QUE LA MORTALIDAD ACUMULADA PUDO HABER SIDO CAUSADA POR INANICIÓN DADA LA ACTIVIDAD REPELENTE O LA MUY BIEN CONOCIDA ACTIVIDAD DISUASORA DE LOS FITOECDISTEROIDES (FES) PRESENTES EN LOS EXTRACTOS. SE AISLARON E IDENTIFICARON CUATRO FES A PARTIR DE LA FRACCIÓN HEXÁNICA DE B. CORDATUM: ECDISONA, PONASTERONA A, SHIDASTERONA Y 2-DEOXICRUSTECDISONA.

THIS STUDY REPORTS THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AN OLIGOSACCHARIDE, PREPARED BY PARTIAL ACID HYDROLYSIS OF A NATIVE PAECILOMYCES SP. EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE, AND OF ITS AMINOGLYCOSYLATED DERIVATIVE, PREPARED BY REDUCTIVE ALKYLATION OF THE OLIGOSACCHARIDE, AGAINST E. COLI AND S. AUREUS.

EXTRACTS FROM CALCEOLARIA TALCANA EXHIBITED STRONG BIOINSECTICIDAL EFFECTS AGAINST DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA. THE MOST ACTIVE EXTRACT WAS ETHYL ACETATE AND ITS MAJORITY COMPOUND VERBASCOSIDE. THE HIGHEST LETHAL CONCENTRATION TO THE LARVAE OF S. FRUGIPERDA AND D. MELANOGASTER WAS 20.0 ?G/ML OF THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT WITH 95.8% AND 67.0% OF MORTALITY, RESPECTIVELY. AGAINST D. MELANOGASTER THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT SHOWED THE HIGHEST ACTIVITY WITH 75.05% OF ANTIFEEDANT INDEX AT 25 ?G/ML, METHANOL EXTRACT INSTEAD SHOWED 100% TO 100 ?G/ML. AT VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS ETHYL ACETATE AND METHANOL EXTRACTS INDUCE ANTIFEEDANT AND INSECT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY SHOWING SELECTIVE EFFECTS AS DETERRENT AND ON THE SCLEROTIZATION SHOWING A PRE-EMERGENCE EFFECT ON S. FRUGIPERDA. THE RESULTS FROM THESE EXTRACTS WERE BETTER THAN SHOWED BY METHANOL EXTRACTS FROM CEDRELA SALVADORENSIS, MYRTILLOCACTUS GEOMETRIZANS AND YUCCA PERICULOSA SAMPLES USED AS POSITIVE CONTROLS.

BECAUSE OF THE INCREASING INTEREST IN IMPROVING HUMAN HEALTH WORLDWIDE, PHYTOCHEMICAL ANTIOXIDANTS FROM MEDICINAL AND FOOD PLANTS ARE OF GREAT INTEREST. THE SEARCH FOR NEW SOURCES OF ANTIOXIDANTS IS IMPORTANT FOR THE BEST USE OF BIODIVERSITY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO EVALUATE THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND THE TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS WITH DPPH AND FOLIN-CIOCALTEU ASSAYS FOR EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS OF BLECHNUM CHILENSE, CURCUMA DOMESTICA AND TAGETES VERTICILLATA. B. CHILENSE WATER-METHANOLIC AND ETOAC FRACTIONS, FOLLOWS OF C. DOMESTICA ETOAC EXTRACT SHOWED AN IMPORTANT QUANTITY OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS. COMPARED WITH ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS MEOH EXTRACT, T. VERTICILLATA EXTRACT SHOWED GOOD ACTIVITY, FOLLOWS BY ETOAC FRACTION FROM B. CHILENSE AND BY ETOAC EXTRACT FROM C. DOMESTICA, WITH VERY SIMILAR RESULTS WITH N-HEXANE FRACTION FROM B. CHILENSE AND PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT FROM C. DOMESTICA. ALL OF THESE RESULTS WERE GREATER THAN ?-TOCOPHEROL DPPH SCAVENGING ACTIVITY. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALL PLANTS STUDIED COULD BE ARE NEW SOURCES OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND THE WORK ARE FOLLOWING WITH THE IDENTIFICATION OF THESE COMPOUNDS.

BACKGROUND: ANTHOCYANINS, FLAVONOIDS AND ORGANIC ACIDS WIDELY OCCURRING IN EXTRACTS OF THE FRUITS OF ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (?MAQUI?), CONCERTEDLY ACTS ON THE EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2), NF-?B, HT-29 AND CACO-2 COLON CANCER CELL GROWTH INHIBITION AND ON THE PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. OBJECTIVE: TO ASSESS THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS FROM FRUITS OF ?MAQUI BERRY?, ON THE HT-29 AND CACO-2 HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER CELL LINES BY MEASURING COX-2 AND NF-?B AS WELL AS THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES. MATERIAL AND METHODS: METHANOL/WATER EXTRACTS AND ITS PARTITIONS (ACETONE AND ETHYL ACETATE) FROM THREE VARIETIES OF ?MAQUI? WERE USED TO ACCESS THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH OF HT-29 AND CACO-2 COLON CANCER CELLS, COX-2, NF-?B, NO FORMATION, OXIDATIONS BY DPPH, TBARS, FRAP AND ORAC.

IN CHILEAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL) STUNTZ IS COMMONLY UTILIZED FOR A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS (PARTICULARLY DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS). WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT FROM THE FRUIT PULP OF A. CHILENSIS (MAQUI BERRY: M2) ON ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAY-INDUCED EARLY APOPTOSIS IN ISHIKAWA CELLS. USING THE MTT ASSAY, THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT WAS FOUND TO HAVE AN INHIBITORY IMPACT ON HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER ISHIKAWA CELLS, WITH AN IC50 OF 5.36 MU G/ML. THE CHANGES IN ISHIKAWA CELLS UNDER THE EFFECT OF M2 WERE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY WITH CYCLE ARREST IN S PHASE, REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, ROS AND CALCIUM ION AGGREGATION. WESTERN BLOTTING AND RT-QPCR WERE USED TO IDENTIFY THE INTRACELLULAR MRNA AND PROTEIN ALTERATIONS. THE PRESENCE OF M2 RESULTED IN THE UP-REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAYRELATED PROTEINS BAD, BAX, AND CYTO C, DOWN-REGULATION OF BCL-2, AND UP-REGULATION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS-RELATED PROTEINS IRE1 ALPHA, P-EIF2 ALPHA, ATF4, AND CHOP. THE FINDINGS IMPLY THAT A. CHILENSIS PULP MAY BE USED AS A POSSIBLE RAW MATERIAL FOR THE INNOVATIVE FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS.

FLAVONOIDS, WHICH HAVE MANY BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND HAVE BEEN WIDELY USED IN NATURE, CAN BE ARTIFICIALLY SYNTHESIZED. HOWEVER, REGIOSELECTIVE CYCLIZATION OF CHALCONES IS DIFFICULT BY CHEMICAL METHODS. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT ASPERGILLUS NIGER IS CAPABLE OF CYCLIZING CHALCONES TO FLAVANONES, AFFORDING A MIMIC OF PLANT BIOSYNTHETIC PROCESSES. CHALCONES 1?6 WERE BIOTRANSFORMATED TO THE MODIFIED CHALCONES 8?14 AND TO THE FLAVANONES 15?27. THE BIOTRANSFORMATION SHOWED THAT ENZYMATIC CYCLIZATION AND DEMETHYLATION OCCURRED DURING THE FIRST DAYS OF BIOTRANSFORMATION; IN CONTRAST, HYDROXYLATION IS A LATER PROCESS. WITH A LONGER CULTURING TIME, IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN MORE HYDROXYLATED FLAVANONES WITH EXCELLENT YIELDS

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE INHIBITORY CAPACITY OF CEANOTHANES TRITERPENES ISOLATE FROM CHILEAN RHAMNACEAE ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) AND BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE (BCHE) ENZYMES. SEVEN CEANOTHANES TRITERPENES WERE ISOLATED FROM AERIAL PARTS OF PLANT MATERIAL BY CLASSICAL PHYTOCHEMICAL METHODS OR PREPARED BY THE HEMISYNTHETIC METHOD. STRUCTURES WERE DETERMINED BY THE SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD (1H-NMR AND 13C NMR) AND MASS SPECTROMETRY (MS). ACHE AND BCHE ACTIVITY WERE DETERMINED BY THE ELLMANN METHOD FOR ALL COMPOUNDS. ALL TESTED COMPOUNDS EXERTED A GREATER AFFINITY TO ACHE THAN TO BCHE, WHERE COMPOUND 3 HAS AN IC50 OF 0.126 UM FOR ACHE AND OF >500 UM TO BCHE. KINETIC STUDIES INDICATED THAT ITS INHIBITION WAS COMPETITIVE AND REVERSIBLE. ACCORDING TO THE MOLECULAR COUPLING AND DISPLACEMENT STUDIES OF THE PROPIDIUM IODIDE TEST, THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF COMPOUND 3 WOULD BE PRODUCED BY INTERACTION WITH THE PERIPHERAL ANIONIC SITE (PAS) OF ACHE. THE COMPOUNDS TESTED (1?7) SHOWED AN IMPORTANT INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ACHE, BINDING TO PAS. THEREFORE, INHIBITORS THAT BIND TO PAS WOULD PREVENT THE FORMATION OF THE ACHE-A? COMPLEX, CONSTITUTING A NEW ALTERNATIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER?S DISEASE (AD).

CENTRAL CHILE, DUE TO ITS CLIMATIC, GEOECONOMICAL FEATURES AND AS AN OUTPUT OF NATURAL RESEOURCES, HAS A VARIETY OF ALTERATED ECONOMIC ECOSYSTEMS THAT ARE INHABITED BY AN INCREASING NUMBER OF EUROPEAN WEEDS AND INSECT PESTS. THE GENUS CALCEOLARIA HAD THE CAPACITY TO COMPETE SUCCESSFULLY WITH THESE INSECT PESTS AND ALIEN WEEDS. PLANTS OF CALCEOLARIA TALCANA HAVE BEEN USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. IN THIS RESEARCH, WE REPORT IGR ACTIVITIES OF C. INTEGRIFOLIA X TALCANA AS WELL AS THE INSECTICIDAL EFFECTS OF THIS PLANT. BIOASSAYS AGAINST DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, TENEBRIO MOLITOR AND SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA LARVAE SHOWED THAT SOME FRACTIONS RICH IN PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND FLAVONOIDS COMPONENTS POSSESS HIGH MORTALITY, INSECT GROWTH REGULATION AND MALFORMATION EFFECTS. AT VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS (0.1 TO 1.0 UG/ML) SOME OF THESE SAMPLES SHOWED SELECTIVE EFFECTS AS DETERRENT AND ON THE SCLEROTIZATION SHOWING A PRE-EMERGENCE EFFECT ON S. FRUGIPERDA. FEEDING OF S. FRUGIPERDA AND D. MELANOGASTER WITH MEOH, N-HEXANE, ETYL ACETATE EXTRACTS, AND AQUEOUS RESIDUE SAMPLES AT 5.0 AND 50.0 UG/ML INDUCE PREMATURE PUPATION COMPARED TO THE CONTROL AND THE HIGHEST ADULT MORTALITY, PROBABLY DUE TO INTERFERENCE WITH ECDYSTEROID METABOLISM AND INHIBITION OF ECDYSIS TRIGGERING HORMONE (ETH) DEAD ADULT FLIES EXHIBITED MALFORMATIONS. BASED ON LC50 VALUES, METHANOL, ETHYL ACETATE AND N-HEXANE EXTRACTS WERE THE MOST ACTIVE SAMPLES AGAINST T. MOLITOR, D. MELANOGASTER AND S. FRUGIPERDA. THE RESULTS SHOWS THAT PHENOLIC AND DITERPENES CONSTITUENTS OF THESE EXTRACTS SHOULD THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES, AND THESE SAMPLES WERE BETTER THAN SHOWED BY GEDUNIN, AND AZADIRACHTIN SAMPLES USED AS POSITIVE CONTROLS.

BAHUINIA CANDICANS IS A PLANT USED IN CHILE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE RELAXING RESPONSIVENESS TO ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH) OF PHENYLEPHRINE-PRECONTRACTED AORTIC RINGS FROM ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AN AQUEOUS-ETHANOL EXTRACT OF B.CANDICANS LEAVES (EBC-RATS, 120 MG/KG/DAY). EBC SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED FASTING BLOOD SUGAR FROM 292.4 ± 9.2 MG/DL TO 174.6 ± 12.8 MG/DL. ACH INDUCED A NEGLIGIBLE REDUCTION OF TENSION (28 ± 6%) OF AORTIC RINGS FROM ALX-RATS COMPARED WITH EBC-RATS (48 ± 5.5 %) AND NORMAL (57 ± 5 %). THE ENHANCED SENSITIVITY TO PHENYLEPHRINE IN AORTIC RINGS FROM DIABETIC RATS WAS REDUCED IN EBC-RATS. REMOVAL OF THE ENDOTHELIUM OR PRETREATMENT OF RINGS OF EBC-RATS WITH NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (NOS) INHIBITOR, NG-NITRO-L-ARGININE METHYL ESTER (L-NAME) INCREASED THE PHE RESPONSE. THE NITRIC OXIDE (NO) DONOR SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (SNP) INDUCED A NORMAL RELAXATION IN THESE RINGS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF B. CANDICANS INCREASES ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXATION OF AORTIC RINGS OF ALX-RATS AND ITS USE MAY BE HELPFUL IN THE PREVENTION OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS.

CARBOHYDRATES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEED CAN BE RELEASED BY BASIDIOMYCETE FUNGI FOR RUMINAL FERMENTATION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE THE BIOCONVERSION OF HAY OF RYEGRASS-FESCUE (LOLIUM PERENNE?FESTUCA ARUNDINÁCEA) BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION WITH PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS, TO OBTAIN SUPERIOR QUALITY HAY. AFTER ONLY 14 DAYS OF FERMENTATION, CRUDE PROTEIN (CP) (4.73 TO 5.16%), AND NON-FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES (NFC) (20.84 TO 25.04%) INCREASED, WHILE NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER (NDF) (68.72 TO 64.87%) AND ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN (5.88 TO 1.98%) DECREASED. THE ENZYMATIC BIODEGRADATION CARRIED OUT BY P. OSTREATUS WAS VERIFIED, THROUGH MEASUREMENTS OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY. LIGNIN PEROXIDASE (LIP) AND LACCASE (LAC) REACHED THE HIGHER ACTIVITY ON DAY 14 (19.51 U/L AND 34.17 U/L, RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS MANGANESE PEROXIDASE (MNP) DISPLAYED STABILITY UP TO 21 DAYS OF FERMENTATION (BETWEEN 6.54 AND 7.75 U/L). IN CONCLUSION, RESULTS INDICATE THAT LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEED BIOCONVERSION BY P. OSTREATUS IS PROMISING TO IMPROVE THE RUMINAL FERMENTATION OF FIBROUS FEEDSTOCKS AND 14 DAYS WERE CONSIDERED TO BE OPTIMAL FOR HAY FERMENTATION.

BIOCONVERSION OF PLANT MATERIAL WITH WHITE-ROT FUNGI HAS DEMONSTRATED IMPROVEMENTS IN IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, HOWEVER, EFFECTS ON RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS AND METHANE (CH4) PRODUCTION, WHEN INCLUDED AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT, ARE NOT CLEAR. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS CHANGES IN RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS AND IN VITRO CH4 PRODUCTION BY DIETARY INCLUSION OF RYEGRASS-FESCUE HAY BIODEGRADED WITH P. OSTREATUS (H-PO) DURING 14?DAYS OF SOLID FERMENTATION. THE EXPERIMENT USED 2 DIETS WITH CONTRASTING ACID DETERGENT FIBRE (AADFOM) CONTENT WHICH WERE ADDED WITH 0, 3 AND 6% H-PO. SUBSTRATES WERE INCUBATED 3 TIMES WITH SAMPLING AT 24?H. RESULTS WERE ANALYSED BY ANOVA, AND COMPARED WITH TUKEY?S TEST AND POLYNOMIAL CONTRASTS. INCLUSION OF H-PO AT CONCENTRATIONS OF 3 AND 6% RESULTED IN INCREASED IN VITRO DRY MATTER (DM) DISAPPEARANCE (IVDMD) BY 10 AND 12% RESPECTIVELY, WHEREAS HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF AADFOM REDUCED IVDMD BY 10% AS COMPARED TO LOW AADFOM. METHANE PRODUCTION (MG/G DM INCUBATED) AND YIELD (MG/G DM DEGRADED) WERE REDUCED BY INCREASING AADFOM AND P. OSTREATUS BIODEGRADED HAY CONCENTRATIONS IN THE DIETS (P?