THE BREAD PRODUCTION SECTOR IS A MAJOR FOOD BUSINESS FOR CUBAN POPULATION,WHICH HAS GROWN SLIGHTLY IN RECENT YEARS. IN AN ATTEMPT TO PRO-VIDE A BET-TER UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FOOD INDUSTRY SUSTAINABILITY IN CUBA, THIS PAPERPRESENTS AN ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TO ESTIMATE THE IMPACT OFBREAD PRODUCTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS STUDY EVALUATES FROM FACTORYGATE TO OUTPUT ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSING FACTORY, WHICH INCLUDES PROCESSINGEACH PRODUCT AND PACKAGING. TWO SCENARIOS WERE COMPARED TO ASSESS THEEFFECT OF BREAD PRODUCTION ON DETERIORATED TECHNOLOGY, THE POTENTIAL BENE-?TS OF INCORPORATING NEW TECHNOLOGY AND CLEAN PRODUCTION PRACTICES. THEMAIN RESULTS SHOW THAT THE BREAD PRODUCTION SYSTEM-YEAR 2011 (SCENARIO1), PRESENTS THE MAIN IMPACTS ON HUMANS AND THE ECOSYSTEM; WHERE THEBREAD PRODUCTION PROCESS SHOWS THE GREATEST IMPACTS, WITH INORGANIC RESPI-RATION AND ACIDI?CATION / EUTROPHICATION BEING THE MOST RELEVANT CATEGORIESOF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY. IN THE COMPARATIVE STUDY, THE IMPLEMENTATIONOF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN THE BREAD PRODUCTION PROCESS ALLOWS FOR GREATER ENVI-RONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY, AND REDUCES THE OVERALL EFFECTS RELATED TO THE DIF-FERENT IMPACT CATEGORIES BY 44%, AND DAMAGE CATEGORIES BY 47%. FINALLY,THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH OTHER PUBLISHED STUDIES ONBREAD PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, AND VARIOUS IMPROVEMENT MEASURESARE PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS.

WASTE TYRES (WT) ARE A SIGNIFICANT FRACTION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND A SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS WITH LIMITED VALORISATION. TO REDUCE THIS PROBLEM, CURRENTLY THERE IS A GROWING INTEREST IN VALUING THE WT THROUGH PYROLYSIS TO OBTAIN MULTIFUNCTIONAL LIQUIDS TO IMPROVE THE RHEOLOGICAL AND SELF-HEALING PROPERTIES OF AGED BINDERS. THIS RESEARCH PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON USING WT MIXTURES AS PRECURSORS FOR ASPHALT REJUVENATORS BY MEANS OF PYROLYSIS AND DISTILLATION PROCESSES. TO THIS END, WT POLYMERIC FRACTIONS FROM LIGHT (WT-L) AND MINING TRUCKS (WT-M) WERE USED AS FEEDSTOCK AND CHARACTERISED FOR COMPOSITIONAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES. ADDITIONALLY, MICROPYROLYSIS COUPLED WITH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY (PY-GC-MS) WAS USED TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR PRODUCTS IN PYROLYSIS VAPOURS, TO ELUCIDATE THE REACTION MAPS DESCRIBING THERMAL DEGRADATION OF WTS AND TO PREDICT THE FEASIBLE REACTION CONDITIONS. THE PYROLYSIS LIQUIDS WERE PRODUCED AFTER A SCREENING OF REACTION CONDITIONS AND SUBJECTED TO DISTILLATION, FOLLOWING A RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL TO PRODUCE AN OPTIMISED PYROREJUVENATOR. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE PYROLYTIC REJUVENATOR OBTAINED THROUGH PYROLYSIS AT 465 DEGREES C AND DISTILLATION CUTTING AT 160-200 DEGREES C IS MAINLY COMPOSED OF HYDROCARBONS AND AROMATIC SUBSTANCES (95.5%), WITH A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF LIMONENE (33.71%). FURTHERMORE, THE PYROLYTIC REJUVENATOR EXHIBITED HIGHLY DESIRABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS APPLICATION AND EXCELLENT OXIDATIVE STABILITY (85.7%). OTHERWISE, IT WAS DETERMINED THAT BITUMEN MIXTURES WITH 3%-6% DOSES OF PYRO-REJUVENATOR IMPROVED THE VISCOSITY, SOFTENING POINT, AND PENETRATION OF AGED BINDERS, RESTORING THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TO THE VIRGIN STATE. IN CONCLUSION, PYROREJUVENATORS CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY USED AS A PROMISING SOLUTION TO PRODUCE MORE DURABLE AND SUSTAINABLE PAVEMENTS WITH IMPROVED RHEOLOGICAL AND HEALING PROPERTIES.

THIS STUDY AIMED TO CHARACTERISE POLYNUCLEAR BIOCAPSULES CONTAINING LOW-COST REJUVENATING AGENTS FOR ASPHALT SELF-HEALING. CAPSULES CONSISTED OF A BIOPOLYMERIC MATRIX OF CALCIUM ALGINATE CONTAINING COOKING OIL AND MINERAL OIL AS REJUVENATING AGENTS, BEING SYNTHESISED USING IONIC GELATION THROUGH THE PUMPING DRIPPING TECHNIQUE. THE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE OIL-IN-BIOPOLYMER EMULSIONS AND THEIR STABILITY OVER TIME WERE STUDIED. THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BIOCAPSULES, AS WELL AS THE ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY OF THE REJUVENATING AGENTS, WERE QUANTIFIED AND CHARACTERISED BY MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AND LABORATORY TESTS. MAIN RESULTS SHOWED THAT EMULSIONS SHOULD BE USED FOR ENCAPSULATION PURPOSES WITHIN A PERIOD NO LONGER THAN 3H, REDUCING THE EFFECT OF INSTABILITY PHENOMENA. BESIDES, THE BIOPOLYMER-BASED POLYNUCLEAR CAPSULES PRESENTED UNIFORM SIZE, INTERNAL MULTICAVITY MICROSTRUCTURE RESULTING IN HIGH ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCIES AND THERMAL STABILITY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES, PROVING THAT COOKING OIL AND MINERAL OIL CAN BE POTENTIALLY USED AS LOW-COST REJUVENATING AGENTS AND THERMALLY STABLE ADDITIVES FOR ASPHALT SELF-HEALING PURPOSES.

THIS STUDY EVALUATED THE EFFECT OF TWO ENCAPSULATION METHODS (I.E., DROPPING FUNNEL AND SYRINGE PUMP), TWO CONCENTRATIONS OF THE ALGINATE-BASED ENCAPSULATING MATERIAL (2%, AND 3%), AND THREE OILS AS BITUMEN REJUVENATORS (VIRGIN SUNFLOWER OIL, WASTE COOKING OIL, AND VIRGIN ENGINE OIL) ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, THERMAL, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENCAPSULATED REJUVENATORS FOR ASPHALT SELF-HEALING PURPOSES. A GENERAL FACTORIAL DESIGN 2 × 2 × 3 WAS PROPOSED TO DESIGN 12 DIFFERENT CA-ALGINATE CAPSULES. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CAPSULES WERE ANALYSED BY THREE-WAY ANOVA AND TUKEY HSD POST HOC ANALYSES. THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF OIL ON THE SELF-HEALING CAPACITY OF CRACKED BITUMEN SAMPLES WAS ALSO EVALUATED. THE MAIN RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE DESIGN PARAMETERS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED THE MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CAPSULES. CAPSULES SYNTHESISED VIA SYRINGE PUMP METHOD, WITH VIRGIN COOKING OIL AND 2% ALGINATE WAS THE MOST APPROPRIATE FOR ASPHALT SELF-HEALING PURPOSES SINCE ITS UNIFORM MORPHOLOGY, ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY UP TO 80%, THERMAL DEGRADATION BELOW 5% WT., AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ABOVE THE REFERENCE ASPHALT COMPACTION LOAD OF 10 N. FINALLY, THE HEALING TESTS SHOWED THAT VIRGIN COOKING OIL CAN BE POTENTIALLY USED AS A REJUVENATOR TO PROMOTE ASPHALT CRACK-HEALING.

TAR REMOVAL FROM GASIFICATION GASES IS A DETERMINANT STEP TO GUARANTEE THE OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY OF GASIFICATION-TO-CHEMICALS/ENERGY SYSTEMS. HOWEVER, THIS IS A VERY COMPLEX PROCESS REQUIRING CATALYTIC MATERIALS TO PROCEED UNDER REASONABLY LOW TEMPERATURES AND TO CONVERT THE TARS INTO FUEL GASES (I.E., CHX). THE USE OF FE-BASED CATALYSTS FOR APPLICATION HAS BEEN REPORTED BEFORE, HOWEVER, THERE ARE STILL UNSOLVED QUESTIONS RELATED TO ITS STABILITY AND INTERACTION WITH SOME SPECIES OF GASIFICATION GASES. THEREFORE, WE EVALUATED CARBON-SUPPORTED FE FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF TAR USING SIMULATED GASIFICATION GASES, AND TOLUENE, NAPHTHALENE, AND BENZENE AS MODELS FOR TAR. THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE (565 < T < 665 °C) AND CO-FEEDING CO ON THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND STABILITY WERE INSPECTED AT LABORATORY AND BENCH SCALES. THE ACTIVITY OF CATALYSTS FOR DECOMPOSING TARS WAS IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER: BENZENE > TOLUENE E > NAPHTHALENE. MOREOVER, THERE WAS EVIDENCE VALIDATING A REVERSIBLE ELEMENTAL STEP TOLUENE?BENZENE OVER THE FE SURFACE. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPENT CATALYSTS EVIDENCED THE OXIDATION OF THE ACTIVE PHASE AND THE CARBON DEPOSITION ON THE SURFACE. THE FORMATION OF FEXOY CAUSED A MARKED LOSS OF ACTIVITY. CONVERSELY, THE CARBIDES WERE STABLE AND STILL ACTIVE FOR TAR DECOMPOSITION.

BIOMASS GASIFICATION IS A PROMISING WAY TO OBTAIN ?GREEN ENERGY?, BUT THE GAS COMPOSITION MAKES IT UNSUITABLE FOR USE IN TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES (I.E., IC ENGINE). GAS PURIFICATION OVER NICKEL AND/OR IRON CATALYSTS IS AN ATTRACTIVE ALTERNATIVE. CELLULOSE-BASED CARBON AEROGELS (CAGS) HAVE SHOWN SUITABLE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FOR USE AS CATALYST SUPPORTS. IN THIS WORK, NICKEL AND IRON CATALYSTS ARE SUPPORTED ON CAG MADE FROM CELLULOSE MICROFIBERS. MICROFIBERS WERE IMPREGNATED WITH (NH4)2SO4 TO INCREASE THE MASS YIELD. CARBONIZATION WAS EVALUATED AT DIFFERENT HEATING RATES, MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES, AND DWELL TIMES TO GENERATE CAGS. RESULTING CHARS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY N2 ADSORPTION, X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD), AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. THE CAG WITH BETTER PROPERTIES (SPECIFIC SURFACE, PORE SIZE, THERMAL RESISTANCE) WAS IMPREGNATED WITH THE METAL PRECURSOR SALT VIA INCIPIENT WETNESS AND TREATED WITH H2. CATALYSTS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM), XRD, N2 ADSORPTION, AND INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY (ICP-OES). AMMONIA ADSORPTION WAS STUDIED OVER CAG AND CATALYSTS TO ESTIMATE THE THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS. THE IMPREGNATION WITH ((NH4)2SO4 IMPROVES THERMAL RESISTANCE OF THE CHAR OBTAINED FROM CARBONIZATION. THE CATALYSTS EXHIBIT HIGHER ADSORPTION CAPACITY THAN CAG (WITHOUT METAL), INDICATING CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN AMMONIA AND METALS. THE METAL-AMMONIA INTERACTION IS STRONGER ON FE THAN ON NI CATALYST, WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH REPORTED THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS.

IRON-CATALYZED TAR DECOMPOSITION IS STUDIED BY INSPECTING CHANGES IN CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND ITS CORRELATION TO THE METAL OXIDATION NUMBERS. A CARBON-AEROGEL-SUPPORTED IRON (FE/CAG) CATALYST WAS USED HEREIN TO DECOMPOSE TOLUENE (MODEL TAR) AT BETWEEN 500 °C AND 700 °C. THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION WAS STUDIED IN A CONVENTIONAL REACTION SYSTEM, AND THE CATALYST WAS CHARACTERIZED PRIOR TO AND AFTER THE REACTION TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE IRON OXIDATION STATE AND COKE DEPOSITION STRONGLY DEPEND ON THE REACTION TEMPERATURE. THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS CONFIRMED THAT AT T < 700 °C, SEVERAL FEI+ ARE PRESENT, WHILE AT 700 °C, FE° PREVAILS, SUGGESTING A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE METAL CLUSTERS ON THE SURFACE. THE FE/C RATIO DETERMINED BY ELEMENTAL MAPPING (EDS), AS WELL AS THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS COUPLED TO MASS SPECTROMETRY (TGA-MS) OF THE SPENT CATALYSTS, CONFIRMED THAT THIS SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION IS RELATED TO CARBOTHERMIC REDUCTION OF THE METAL OXIDES AND ASSISTED BY CARBON DEPOSITION.

TAR REMOVAL FROM GASIFICATION GASES IS A DETERMINANT STEP TO GUARANTEE THE OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY OF GASIFICATION-TO-CHEMICALS/ENERGY SYSTEMS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DEVELOP NOVEL CARBON-SUPPORTED CATALYSTS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF TARRY AROMATICS (TOLUENE, NAPHTHALENE AND BENZENE) FROM GASIFICATION GASES. EFFECTS OF REACTION TEMPERATURE (700 < T < 900 °C) AND CATALYST NATURE (FE0 AND NI0) ON THE ACTIVITY WERE ASSESSED BY CONSIDERING THERMO-CATALYTIC CONVERSION AND STEAM REFORMING, UNDER A SIMULATED GASIFICATION GAS. THE CATALYSTS (NI AND FE) AND SUPPORT (AC) WERE CHARACTERIZED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD), N2 PHYSISORPTION, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TGA), TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) AND COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES. BOTH CATALYSTS AND SUPPORT, PRESENTED A MESOPOROUS-LIKE TEXTURE WITH A CONSIDERABLE HIGH SURFACE AREA (690 < SBET < 743 M2/G). FURTHERMORE, DISPERSION OF THE METAL NANOPARTICLES (ACTIVE PHASE) WAS UNIFORM AS CONFIRMED BY TEM IMAGES. RESULTS FROM ACTIVITY TESTS SUGGEST THAT NI/AC HAS HIGHER EFFECTIVITY FOR CONVERTING TARS THAN FE/AC, AS CONFIRMED BY THE LOW APPARENT ACTIVATION ENERGIES (34 < EAPP < 98 KJ/MOL) FOR NAPHTHALENE AND BENZENE CONVERSION BETWEEN 700 AND 900 °C. THE CONVERSION WAS 100% ABOVE 850 °C; NEVERTHELESS; BELOW 750 °C, A SHARP REDUCTION IN BENZENE CONVERSION WAS OBSERVED, WHICH WAS ATTRIBUTED TO REVERSIBLE CARBON DEPOSITION.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY ON THE USE OF NOBLE METALS (PD, PT, AU) SUPPORTED ON TITANATE NANOTUBES (NT-TI) FOR SELECTIVELY PRODUCING BTX AND P-CYMENE FROM WASTE TIRE PYROLYSIS IS PROVIDED HERE. ALL THE MATERIALS WERE CHARACTERIZED FOR CHEMICAL, TEXTURAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES USING A RANGE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES. THE M/NT-TI (M: PD, PT, OR AU) CATALYSTS EXHIBIT LOW NANOPARTICLE SIZES (1.8 SUPPORT > NON-CATALYST. THE PY-GC/MS SUGGEST THAT THE CATALYSTS PARTICIPATE IN THE SECONDARY REACTIONS OF DEALKYLATION, DEHYDROGENATION, ISOMERIZATION, AROMATIZATION, AND CYCLIZATION LEADING TO A HIGHER FORMATION OF BTX THAN THE UNCATALYZED REACTION. FINALLY, A COMPREHENSIVE REACTION PATHWAY DESCRIBING THE CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF WT OVER PD/NT-TI WAS PROPOSED BY STUDYING THE CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL POLYMERS CONSTITUTING THE WASTE TIRES, AND D,L-LIMONENE.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF CARBON AEROGEL-SUPPORTED NICKEL (NI/CAG) IN THE CATALYTIC FAST PYROLYSIS (CFP) OF TORREFIED EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS WAS PERFORMED IN A MICROPYROLYSIS UNIT (PY-GCMS). EFFECTS OF PYROLYSIS TEMPERATURES (450?600?°C), CATALYST-TO-BIOMASS RATIO (1:1?

THE COCOA IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CROPS IN ECUADOR, INTENDED FOR EXPORT AND USED FOR CHOCOLATE PRODUCTION IN OTHER COUNTRIES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE THE FEASIBILITY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (CP) STRATEGIES IN A COCOA PROCESSING PLANT OF THE ?TSATSAYAKU? PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. AN INITIAL IN SITU DIAGNOSIS ON THE PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE WAS MADE, AND INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF THE COCOA PASTE ELABORATION PROCESS WERE QUANTIFIED. THE INTENSIVE CONSUMPTION OF UTILITIES SUCH AS WATER, ELECTRICITY, AND THE GENERATION OF DIFFERENT WASTE STREAMS WERE THE MAIN PROBLEMS DETECTED IN THE DIAGNOSIS. FROM THIS ANALYSIS, SEVEN CP ALTERNATIVES WERE PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE DETECTED PROBLEMS AND GENERATE ADDITIONAL INCOMES. ACCORDING TO THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES, THE PROPOSED CP OPTIONS COULD INCREASE THE BENEFIT-TO-COST RATIO BY 0.4. FURTHERMORE, THESE CP PRACTICES COULD REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION, SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY 20%, 58.6% AND 37.5%, RESPECTIVELY. THIS STUDY SHOWS THAT CP STRATEGIES ARE VIABLE OPTIONS THAT CAN IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED NATIONAL COMPANIES. © 2021. L&H SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

HYDROGELS OF TEMPO-OXIDIZED NANOCELLULOSE WERE STABILIZED FOR DRY-JET WET SPINNING USING A SHELL OF CELLULOSE DISSOLVED IN 1,5-DIAZABICYCLO[4.3.0]NON-5-ENIUM PROPIONATE ([DBNH][CO2ET]), A PROTIC IONIC LIQUID (PIL). COAGULATION IN AN ACIDIC WATER BATH RESULTED IN CONTINUOUS CORE-SHELL FILAMENTS (CSFS) THAT WERE TOUGH AND FLEXIBLE WITH AN AVERAGE DRY (AND WET) TOUGHNESS OF ?11 (2) MJ·M-3 AND ELONGATION OF ?9 (14) %. THE CSF MORPHOLOGY, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, THERMAL STABILITY, CRYSTALLINITY, AND BACTERIAL ACTIVITY WERE ASSESSED USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY WITH ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, LIQUID-STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY, WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING, AND BACTERIAL CELL CULTURING, RESPECTIVELY. THE COAXIAL WET SPINNING YIELDS PIL-FREE SYSTEMS CARRYING ON THE SURFACE THE CELLULOSE II POLYMORPH, WHICH NOT ONLY ENHANCES THE TOUGHNESS OF THE FILAMENTS BUT FACILITIES THEIR FUNCTIONALIZATION.

PURPOSE THIS STUDY AIMS TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTALLY THREE DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES RELATED TO THE VALORIZATION OF DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA TREE (AN INVASIVE PLANT) AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR COGENERATION FACILITIES INSTALLED IN THE SUGARCANE INDUSTRY IN CUBA. METHODS THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) METHODOLOGY WAS APPLIED TO THREE COGENERATION ALTERNATIVES: (A-1) ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING RAW DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA (MARABOU) AS FUEL IN A BACK-PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE CYCLE, (A-2) ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING TORREFIED MARABOU AS FUEL IN A BACK-PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE CYCLE, AND (A-3) ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING TORREFIED MARABOU AS FUEL IN AN EXTRACTION-CONDENSING TURBINES CYCLE. THE SIMAPRO SOFTWARE WAS USED FOR THE INVENTORY MODELING AND THE RECIPE METHOD (MIDPOINT AND ENDPOINT APPROACH) WAS APPLIED TO ESTIMATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CASE. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION THE LCA RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM TORREFIED MARABOU USING EXTRACTION-CONDENSING TURBINES (A-3) REDUCES THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AS COMPARED WITH A-1 AND A-2. THIS PERFORMANCE IS EXPLAINED BY A LOWER MARABOU RELATIVE CONSUMPTION (1.85 KG MARABOU/KWH GENERATED), WHICH LEADS TO LOWER EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HARVESTING, TRANSPORTATION, AND PRE-PROCESSING STAGES. FINE PARTICULATE MATTER FORMATION, TERRESTRIAL ACIDIFICATION, AND WATER CONSUMPTION ACCOUNTED THE WORST PERFORMANCE FOR ALL THE SCENARIOS. MARINE ECOTOXICITY WAS THE IMPACT CATEGORY WITH BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE DUE TO THE SUBSTITUTION OF SYNTHETIC MINERAL FERTILIZERS BY THE ASHES PRODUCED DURING COMBUSTION. THE HUMAN HEALTH DAMAGE CATEGORY REACHED THE HIGHER IMPACTS ON THE TORREFACTION SUBSYSTEM IN THE A-3 SCENARIO, REPRESENTING OVER 94% OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BURDEN OF THE PROCESS, CAUSING INJURIES IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS. THE HIGHEST BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF THE COGENERATION STAGE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSIDERATION OF RESIDUAL STEAM AS AN AVOIDED PRODUCT. CONCLUSIONS THE USE OF TORREFIED MARABOU IN

DEFOLIATION CAUSED BY GONIPTERUS PLATENSIS ON EUCALYPTUS SERIOUSLY IMPACTS TREE GROWTH RATE AND FOREST PRODUCTION. THE WEEVIL?S FEEDING PREFERENCE HAS SOMETIMES LIMITED WHICH SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS TO PLANT, ALTHOUGH THE PLANTS METABOLIC FEATURES THAT GOVERN SUCH CHOICE STILL NEED TO BE UNCOVERED. WE USED METABOLOMICS TO REVEAL THE CHEMICAL TRAITS MEDIATING THIS INTERACTION, FOCUSING ON A MODEL FORMED BY TWO EUCALYPTUS SPECIES WITH MARKEDLY DIFFERENT SUSCEPTIBILITY, E. GLOBULUS (SUSCEPTIBLE), AND E. NITENS (RESISTANT). OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE INSECTS FEEDING PREFERENCE STRONGLY DEPENDS ON THE EUCALYPTUS SPECIES CONSTITUTIVE METABOLOME, ESPECIALLY ON THE STILBENES AND HYDROLYSABLE TANNINS ACCUMULATION. THE SUSCEPTIBLE E. GLOBULUS COULD NOT PRODUCE SUCH CLASSES OF METABOLITE EITHER CONSTITUTIVELY OR AFTER HERBIVORY, WHICH INDICATED AN APPARENT LACK OF CRITICAL ENZYMES FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF THESE SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS STILBENE SYNTHASE (STS) AND GALLATE 1-?-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE. ON THE OTHER HAND, IT SEEMS THAT NO MATTER HOW TOXIC THE SYSTEMIC DEFENSE INDUCED IN E. GLOBULUS AFTER HERBIVORY COULD BE TO AN INSECT, COUNTERADAPTATIONS, APPARENTLY EVOLVED BY THE WEEVIL, MAY EFFICIENTLY DETOXIFY THEM. THIS MAY RESULT FROM PLANT-INSECT COEVOLUTION, GIVEN THEIR COMMON GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN. INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATIONS BETWEEN E. NITENS AND E. GLOBULUS HAVE ADAPTED HYBRID SPECIES BETTER TO LOW TEMPERATURES AND FROST CONDITIONS, CONSEQUENTLY BEING PROPAGATED FOR PLANTATIONS IN TEMPERATE REGIONS. THUS, THIS RESEARCH LAYS THE GROUNDWORK FOR SELECTING THE BEST PARENT GENOTYPES AND OBTAINED HYBRIDS, AIMING TO WARRANT THE TRANSFER OF KEY RESISTANCE TRAITS TO PROGENIES AS AN ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY FOR FUTURE BREEDING PROGRAMS.

LA BIOMASA DE ORIGEN AGROFORESTAL ES UN RECURSO CON ALTÍSIMO POTENCIAL PARA DESARROLLAR LA BIOECONOMÍA. EN ESE SENTIDO, LOS PROCESOS TERMOQUÍMICOS, Y EN ESPECIAL, LA PIRÓLISIS JUEGAN UN ROL FUNDAMENTAL. LA PIRÓLISIS ES UNA TRANSFORMACIÓN TERMOQUÍMICA A TRAVÉS DE LA CUAL, LA ESTRUCTURA POLIMÉRICA ORIGINAL DE LA BIOMASA, SE DECONSTRUYE PARA DAR LUGAR A UNA MEZCLA DE PRODUCTOS CON POTENCIALES APLICACIONES EN EL ÁREA DE LOS COMBUSTIBLES, LA QUÍMICA FINA, LOS BIOPOLÍMEROS, ETC. EL PROCESO ES ALTAMENTE COMPLEJO Y SE ENCUENTRA INFLUENCIADO POR PARÁMETROS OPERACIONALES (TIEMPO DE REACCIÓN, VELOCIDAD DE CALENTAMIENTO, TAMAÑOS DE PARTÍCULAS, ETC.), POR LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA BIOMASA Y POR LA PRESENCIA DE MATERIALES CATALÍTICOS. EN ESTE CAPÍTULO EXPLORAMOS LOS PRINCIPIOS DE LA PIRÓLISIS, LAS TÉCNICAS EXPERIMENTALES PARA ESTUDIAR EL PROCESO, LOS MODELOS DE REACTORES MÁS DIFUNDIDOS Y LOS PRODUCTOS PRINCIPALES.

SECONDARY AMINES PLAY A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN TODAY?S CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OWING TO THEIR EXTENSIVE APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL, PHARMACEUTICAL, TEXTILE, POLYMER AND IN PERSONAL CARE FIELDS [1] UNFORTUNATELY, MOST OF THE AMINE SYNTHESIS PROCESSES AT THE INDUSTRIAL LEVEL ARE FOSSIL-BASED AND IMPLY ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS. HOWEVER, THE HETEROGENEOUSLY CATALYZED REDUCTIVE AMINATION OF LIGNIN-DERIVED PHENOLICS HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN EFFICIENT AND ECOFRIENDLY METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PRIMARY OR HIGHER ORDER AMINES [2]. IN THIS SENSE, METAL-SUPPORTED CATALYSTS, SPECIFICALLY PALLADIUM, AND RHODIUM-BASED MATERIALS, HAVE DEMONSTRATED THEIR EFFECTIVITY TO PRODUCE SECONDARY AMINES [3,4]. THEREFORE, THERE IS A CRESCENT INTEREST IN EVALUATING THEIR ROLES WITHIN THE REACTION MECHANISMS BY TESTING DIFFERENT REACTION CONDITIONS AND PHENOLICS SOURCES NEVERTHELESS, THERE IS A LACK OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA ALLOWING TO ESTABLISH A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE NATURE OF THE METALLIC CLUSTERS, THE OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS, AND STERIC EFFECTS OF ALKYL-PHENOLICS WITH THE ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY TO AMINES. ACCORDINGLY, THIS DATASET INCLUDES RELIABLE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS ON THE USE OF PD/C AND RH/C AS CATALYSTS FOR ........