NOWADAYS, MUNICIPALITIES CAN PROVIDE SERVICES TO CITIZENS THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, IMPROVING THEIR MASSIFICATION AND ACCESS. THESE ARE GENERALLY PROVIDED BASED ON A COUNTRY?S LAWS, BUT DIGITALIZATION DISSIMILARITIES AND THE LACK OF GUIDELINES COMPLICATE AN EQUILIBRIUM IN THEIR PROVISION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MUNICIPALITIES OF A COUNTRY. ON THE OTHER HAND, ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES CAN BE USED FOR STANDARDIZATION, CONVERGENCE, AND INTEROPERABILITY IN ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENTS, AS THEY ALLOW A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE FOR VIEWING THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES OF A MUNICIPALITY AND ALIGNING THEM WITH THEIR BUSINESS STRATEGY. THE CURRENT PROPOSAL EMERGES IN THIS SCENARIO, WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTING A METHOD FOR DEVELOPING REFERENCE ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES BASED ON E-SERVICES AND ITS USE IN A SPECIFIC CASE. CONCRETELY, A REFERENCE ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR A SET OF MINIMUM E-SERVICES THAT MUST BE PROVIDED BY CHILEAN MUNICIPALITIES.

WEBSITES THAT PROVIDE A HIGH LEVEL OF DATA QUALITY SHOULD LOGICALLY BE MORE VISIBLE FOR SEARCH ENGINES. HOWEVER, SEARCH ENGINES BASE THEIR RESULTS ON METHODS SUCH AS WEB HYPERLINK STRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND IGNORE DATA QUALITY. THE AUTHORS EVALUATE DATA QUALITY IN A GROUP OF 88 WEB PORTALS IN THREE DIFFERENT DOMAINS AND COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH THE SITES POSITIONS IN A VISIBILITY RANKING. LOOKING AT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DATA-QUALITY LEVEL AND VISIBILITY, THEIR RESULTS SHOW THAT DATA QUALITY ISNT A KEY FACTOR IN VISIBILITY.

CONTEXT THERE IS A GREAT VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES FOR PERFORMING AUTHENTICATION, LIKE THE USE OF TEXT PASSWORDS OR SMART CARDS. SOME TECHNIQUES COMBINE OTHERS INTO ONE, WHICH IS KNOWN AS MULTI-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION. THERE IS AN INTEREST IN KNOWING EXISTING AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUES, INCLUDING THOSE AIMED AT MULTI-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION, AND THE FRAMEWORKS THAT CAN BE FOUND IN LITERATURE THAT ARE USED TO COMPARE AND SELECT THESE TECHNIQUES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT CRITERIA. OBJECTIVE THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO GATHER THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUES AND WAYS TO DISCERN THE MOST EFFECTIVE ONES FOR DIFFERENT CONTEXTS.

MUNICIPALITIES OR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ARE THE CLOSEST GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION TO THE CITIZENS. CONSEQUENTLY, THEY ARE PERMANENTLY SEARCHING NEW STRATEGIES FOR PROVIDING BETTER SERVICES TO THE COMMUNITY AND FOR MORE ADEQUATELY UNDERSTANDING ITS NEEDS. ACHIEVING THE LATTER CAN BE DONE IN AN IMPROVED MANNER THROUGH CITIZEN RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CIRM). BUT, ARE THERE EXISTING EXPERIENCES ON CIRM? AND WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION? THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW THAT PRETENDS TO ANSWER THESE AND OTHER QUESTIONS REGARDING CIRM. LIKEWISE, THESE RESULTS ALLOWED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE USED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRM, THEIR IMPACT ON MUNICIPALITIES AND HOW CAN THEY STRENGTHEN THE MUNICIPALITY-CITIZEN LINK. ALL OF THIS WILL CONSTITUTE THE FOUNDATION FOR GENERATING A CIRM IMPLEMENTATION MODEL APPLICABLE TO MUNICIPALITIES, PARTICULARLY THOSE WITH LESS RESOURCES THAT WANT TO FOCUS THEIR MANAGEMENT ON THE CITIZENS, IN THE FUTURE.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS CAN BE COMPARED WITH THE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS IN THE SENSE THAT THE LATTER PRODUCE PHYSICAL PRODUCTS FROM RAW MATERIALS AND THE FIRST GENERATE INFORMATION PRODUCTS FROM RAW DATA. THIS ANALOGY EMPHASIZES THE IDEA THAT PRODUCTS, WHETHER PHYSICAL OR INFORMATION, HAVE A VALUE THAT IS TRANSFERABLE TO THE CONSUMER. IF WE SEE AN INFORMATION SYSTEM AS A SYSTEM WHOSE PURPOSE IS TO DELIVER PRODUCTS OF HIGH QUALITY INFORMATION, THEN THE DATA QUALITY OR INFORMATION QUALITY IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR TO CONSIDER IN ITS PRODUCTION. INDEED, THE DATA QUALITY IS OFTEN DEFINED AS """"""""DATA SUITABLE FOR USE"""""""", I.E., DATA THAT ARE USEFUL FOR CONSUMERS/USERS IN A SPECIFIED CONTEXT OF USE. CONSIDERING THE ABOVE, THIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE IDEA THAT THE QUALITY OF DATA MUST BE ADDRESSED FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION PRODUCT, I.E., FROM WHEN CREATING THE INFORMATION SYSTEM THAT WILL GENERATE. THUS, THIS PAPER PRESENTS A METHOD THAT LEADS TO A DEVELOPMENT TEAM TO BUILD INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOCUSING ON DATA QUALITY. SPECIFICALLY, THE FIRST VERSION OF THIS METHOD, AIMED AT THE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION STAGE OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM WITH DATA QUALITY. A CASE STUDY SHOWING HOW THE METHOD HAS BEEN APPLIED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM IS PRESENTED.

CURRENT SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES ARE TRANSFORMING THE GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF SOFTWARE PROJECTS WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF ALIGNING SOFTWARE PRODUCTS/SERVICES WITH BUSINESS NEEDS, ENSURING BUSINESS CONTINUITY, OPTIMIZING RESOURCE ALLOCATION, AND FOSTERING STRONG STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS. THE INNOVATIVE BIZDEVOPS APPROACH HAS EMERGED AS A RESPONSE TO THESE CHALLENGES, SINCE IT EXTENDS DEVOPS BY INCORPORATING AN ADDITIONAL CYCLE AND INVOLVING NON-IT STAKEHOLDERS WITH A FOCUS ON BUSINESS-IT ALIGNMENT. THE APPLICATION OF IT GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IS CRUCIAL AS REGARDS ENSURING THE SUCCESS OF COMPLEX BIZDEVOPS PROJECTS, AND THIS PAPER, THEREFORE, PRESENTS A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING STUDY THAT EXPLORES THE APPROACHES FOR BIZDEVOPS AND ENCOURAGES DEVOPS PROPOSALS THAT WILL SEAMLESSLY INTEGRATE WITH THE BUSINESS LIFECYCLE. IT EXAMINES THE SUPPORT PROVIDED BY IT GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND INVESTIGATES THE POTENTIAL ROLES OF ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE. THE STUDY ANALYZED 86 PRIMARY STUDIES AND 11 SECONDARY STUDIES, REVEALING A LACK OF EMPIRICAL VALIDATIONS AND A PREVALENCE OF RECOMMENDATION-ORIENTED PAPERS WITHOUT CONCRETE SOLUTION PROPOSALS. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH WITH WHICH TO VALIDATE BIZDEVOPS PRACTICES AND PROVIDE ACTIONABLE INSIGHTS.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DATA QUALITY COST COMPANIES MILLIONS OF DOLLARS EVERY YEAR BECAUSE OF BAD DECISION-MAKING BASED ON INACCURATE INFORMATION, NONCOMPLIANCE WITH REGULATIONS, OR FAILURE TO TIMELY DEAL WITH CUSTOMER PROBLEMS. NOWADAYS, DATA HAVE BECOME ONE OF THE MOST VALUABLE ASSETS OF ORGANIZATIONS; DATA QUALITY IS NO LONGER A TASK INVOLVING ONLY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGERS, BUSINESS MANAGERS ARE INCREASINGLY MORE IMPLICATED. IN THE CONTEXT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROCESSES, THE EARLY SPECIFICATION OF DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS CAN BE CRUCIAL. THIS ARTICLE REVEALS THE RESULTS OF A RESEARCH STUDY CONDUCTED IN SPECIALIZED SITES, BLOGS, FORUMS, AND LITERATURE RELATED TO HOW BUSINESS PEOPLE (NOT SPECIALIZED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) EXPRESS DATA QUALITY NEEDS. ADDITIONALLY, HOW THE RESULT WAS VALIDATED IS SHOWN THROUGH THE PARTICIPATION OF BUSINESS EXPERTS AND ANALYSTS. THE OUTCOME WERE LISTS WITH 18 TYPES OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DATA QUALITY AND 35 CHARACTERISTICS THAT DATA MUST COMPLY WITH IN RELATION TO QUALITY.

THE E-GOVERNMENT REPRESENTS THE GOVERNMENT-CITIZEN RELATIONSHIP, THROUGH THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES. THROUGH E-GOVERNMENT THE GOVERNMENTS, OFFER DIFFERENT UTILITIES AND INFORMATION, TRYING WITH THIS, TO MAKE LIFE EASIER FOR CITIZENS AND TO FACILITATE THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. THIS IMPLIES, AMONG OTHER THINGS, STRONG DATA EXCHANGE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND CITIZENS. THIS LEADS US TO THINK THAT THE QUALITY OF THE DATA COULD BECOME AN IMPORTANT FACTOR WHEN ATTEMPTING TO PROMOTE THE USE OF E-GOVERNMENT. CONSEQUENTLY, THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON STUDYING THE VIEWS OF CITIZENS REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF DATA QUALITY IN MUNICIPAL E-GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS. CONCRETELY, THE CASE STUDY, HAS SHOWN THAT CITIZENS RECOGNIZE AND PREFER AN APPLICATION WITH IMPROVED DATA QUALITY.

CONTEXT THERE ARE MANY TECHNIQUES FOR PERFORMING AUTHENTICATION, SUCH AS TEXT PASSWORDS AND BIOMETRICS. COMBINING TWO FACTORS INTO ONE TECHNIQUE IS KNOWN AS MULTI-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION. THE LACK OF A PROPER METHOD FOR COMPARING AND SELECTING THESE TECHNIQUES FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES IS OBSERVED. OBJECTIVE THE ARTICLE PRESENTS A RECOMMENDATION FRAMEWORK PROPOSAL FOR COMPARING AND SELECTING AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUES IN A SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. METHOD KNOWLEDGE FROM ACADEMY IS OBTAINED THROUGH A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND EXPERIENCE FROM INDUSTRY IS GATHERED USING A SURVEY AND INTERVIEWS. THE RESULTS OF THESE TWO TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO GENERATE A FRAMEWORK PROPOSAL, WHICH IS VALIDATED AFTERWARDS, THROUGH AN EXPERT PANEL AND THE CASE STUDY METHOD.

THERE ARE MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES FOR USERS TO AUTHENTICATE THEMSELVES IN SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS TEXT PASSWORDS, SMART CARDS, AND BIOMETRICS. TWO OR MORE OF THESE TECHNIQUES CAN BE COMBINED TO INCREASE SECURITY, WHICH IS KNOWN AS MULTIFACTOR AUTHENTICATION. SYSTEMS COMMONLY UTILIZE AUTHENTICATION AS PART OF THEIR ACCESS CONTROL WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF PROTECTING THE INFORMATION STORED WITHIN THEM. HOWEVER, THE DECISION OF WHAT AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE TO IMPLEMENT IN A SYSTEM IS OFTEN TAKEN BY THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TEAM IN CHARGE OF IT. A POOR DECISION DURING THIS STEP COULD LEAD TO A FATAL MISTAKE IN RELATION TO SECURITY, CREATING THE NECESSITY FOR A METHOD THAT SYSTEMATIZES THIS TASK. THUS, THIS BOOK CHAPTER PRESENTS A THEORETICAL DECISION FRAMEWORK THAT TACKLES THIS ISSUE BY PROVIDING GUIDELINES BASED ON THE EVALUATED APPLICATION?S CHARACTERISTICS AND TARGET CONTEXT. THESE GUIDELINES WERE DEFINED THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF AN EXTENSIVE ACTION-RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN COLLABORATION WITH EXPERTS FROM A MULTINATIONAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY.

SECURITY REQUIREMENTS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT. THESE CAN BE SPECIFIED BOTH IN ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE MODELS AND IN BUSINESS PROCESSES. ENTERPRISES INCREASINGLY CARRY OUT LARGER AMOUNTS OF BUSINESS PROCESSES WHERE SECURITY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE. BUSINESS PROCESSES INCLUDING SECURITY CAN BE AUTOMATICALLY OBTAINED FROM ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE MODELS BY APPLYING A MODEL-DRIVEN ARCHITECTURE APPROACH, THROUGH A CIM TO CIM TRANSFORMATION. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT THE SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMATION RULES FOR THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE AND BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL ELEMENTS FOCUSING ON SECURITY.

DATA QUALITY IS CONSIDERED AN IMPORTANT ASPECT FOR THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF ROUTINE TASKS IN AN ORGANIZATION. NOWADAYS, MOST OF THESE TASKS ARE SUPPORTED BY SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS. THE EARLY SPECIFICATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THESE APPLICATIONS IS A CHALLENGE FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERING. THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON EARLY SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION, PAYING SPECIAL ATTENTION ON DATA QUALITY. THESE REQUIREMENTS WILL BE CAPTURED FROM BUSINESS PROCESS MODELS DESCRIBED WITH BPMN (BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL AND NOTATION), AND EXPRESSED THROUGH USE CASES OF UML (UNIFIED MODEL LANGUAGE). FOR THIS PURPOSE WE PROPOSE A METHOD WHEREBY BUSINESS EXPERTS CAN MODEL BUSINESS PROCESSES AWARE OF DATA QUALITY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERS CAN GET ARTIFACTS USEFUL FOR CREATING SOFTWARE.

BUSINESS PROCESS MODELS ARE DESCRIBED AS A SET OF TASKS THAT, WHEN EXECUTED IN A SPECIFIC ORDER, ALLOW THE ACHIEVEMENT OF A BUSINESS OBJECTIVE. IN RECENT YEARS THE USE OF SUCH MODELS HAS INCREASED AS A USEFUL DEVICE FOR DEVELOPING SOFTWARE. SINCE BPMN DOES NOT CONSIDER THE SPECIFICATION OF SECURITY REQUIREMENTS IN ITS DEFINITION, DURING THE LAST DECADE EXTENSIONS TO THE LANGUAGE HAVE BEEN PROPOSED THAT AIM TO COVER THIS NEED. [...]OF THE INVESTIGATION, A SET OF ARTICLES WITH PROPOSALS FOR SECURITY REQUIREMENTS TO BE REPRESENTED IN BPMN HAS BEEN OBTAINED.

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION HIGHLY DEPENDS ON WATER AND SOIL FACTORS WHICH INCREASINGLY NEED TO BE UTILIZED EFFICIENTLY. PRECISION AGRICULTURE, THROUGH THE SET OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES THAT IT USES, ALLOWS TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE THESE RESOURCES. THIS WORK AIMS TO GATHER THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON TECHNOLOGIES USED IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND WAYS TO DISCERN THE MOST APPROPRIATE ONE FOR DIFFERENT CONTEXTS IN AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES. A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW IS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY PRECISION AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTATIONS AND TO ANSWER QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGIES USED, CRITERIA FOR THEIR COMPARISON AND SELECTION, AND THE EXISTENCE OF FRAMEWORKS THAT HELP TO DECIDE WHAT TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPLEMENT. A TOTAL OF 3,949 PUBLICATIONS WERE REVIEWED, OF WHICH 259 ADDRESSED THE POSED RESEARCH QUESTIONS. THE FINDINGS ARE THAT REMOTE SENSORS ARE THE MOST USED TECHNOLOGY, THE REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE IS AN IMPORTANT CRITERION FOR DECIDING TO IMPLEMENT PRECISION AGRICULTURE, AND NO FRAMEWORK WAS FOUND THAT GUIDES ITS IMPLEMENTATION.

THE INCORPORATION OF SECURITY CONCEPTS ON BUSINESS PROCESSES MODELS HAS TURNED OUT TO BE AN INTERESTING FACTOR IN THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE, SINCE IT ALLOWS AN EARLY CAPTURE OF SECURITY ASPECTS, WHICH WILL THEN BE USED IN LATER STAGES. A WAY OF COMPLEMENTING SECURITY INCORPORATED IN A BUSINESS PROCESS IS TO LINK THIS KIND OF REQUIREMENT WITH SECURITY PATTERNS, DUE TO THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE PATTERNS ON THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. THIS ARTICLE TACKLES THE PROCUREMENT OF UML CLASSES THAT ALLOW THE ADVANCEMENT IN A SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS WITH SECURITY REQUIREMENTS EXPRESSED AS BUSINESS PROCESSES AS A BASE, USING A BPMN EXTENSION AND SECURITY PATTERNS.