NUMEROUS VERTEBRATES, AND IN PARTICULAR BIRDS, INGEST STONES (GEO-GASTROLITES) TO FAVOUR THE BREAKDOWN AND DIGESTION OF FOOD IN THE MUSCULAR STOMACHS. BETWEEN 1993 AND 1994 WE EVALUATED THE QUANTITY, RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND QUALITY OF AUTOCHTHONOUS (GEO-GASTROLITES) AND ALLOCHTHONOUS (PIECES OF GLASS) COMPONENTS OF THE GRIT IN GIZZARDS OF BLACK-FACED IBIS (THERISTICUS MELANOPIS) INHABITING THE PASTURES OF SOUTHERN CHILE. GRIT ELEMENTS WERE PRESENT IN 32 OUT OF 48 (66,7%) OF ALL GIZZARD ANALYSED. A TOTAL OF 572 PARTICLES WERE RECORDED FROM WHICH, 69.1% CORRESPONDED TO AUTOCHTHONOUS ELEMENTS AND 27.8% WERE ALLOCHTHONOUS PARTICLES. BOTH COMPONENTS ARE SIMILAR IN SHAPE; HOWEVER GLASS CONTRIBUTES CONSIDERABLY MORE IN TERMS OF MASS. GENDER DIFFERENCES REVEAL THAT FEMALES CONSUME A SIGNIFI CANTLY GREATER NUMBER OF ALLOCHTHONOUS ELEMENTS THAN MALES. WE POSTULATE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT, DUE TO THEIR HIGH ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, FEMALES INGEST MORE PIECES OF GLASS TO FACILITATE THE BREAKDOWN AND DIGESTION OF FOOD WITH A LIMITED NUTRITIONAL VALUE, THUS INCREASING THEIR REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS.

THIS ARTICLE ANALYZES THE DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO, REMEMBERING THAT CHILEAN FIRMS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY MANDATORY DIVIDENDS, A STRONG OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE, GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES, AND INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS. THIS RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT FOR THE 2001?2007 PERIOD USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSIONS WITH VARIABLE SELECTION BY MEANS OF A STEPWISE APPROACH AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION BY MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD. WE FOUND EVIDENCE OF THE USE OF THE DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUTURE PROJECTS OF A COMPANY AND THE FAIR TREATMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS. IT ALSO HIGHLIGHTS THE CONTROL EXERTED ON THE PART OF INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS.

THE BREEDING PARAMETERS OF THE BLACK-FACED IBIS (THERISTICUS MELANOPIS) IN PASTURES OF SOUTHERN CHILE BETWEEN 5 JULY AND 30 NOVEMBER 2014 WERE EVALUATED. THIRTY ACTIVE NESTS WERE MONITORED IN AN AREA OF 31 KM², USING A MIRROR MOUNTED ON A 13-M RETRACTABLE ALUMINUM POLE. EACH NEST WAS VISITED ONCE A WEEK. THE BLACK-FACED IBIS PRESENTED AN ASYNCHRONOUS POSTURE PERIOD, WITH A MAXIMUM OF THREE EGG CLUTCHES. THE FIRST EGGS WERE LAID ON 6 AUGUST 2014, AND THE MEAN INCUBATION PERIOD WAS 28.66 (± 4.41) DAYS. MEAN CLUTCH SIZE DURING THE FIRST POSTURE WAS 2.23 (± 0.73) WITH A RANGE OF ONE TO THREE EGGS PER NEST. NONE OF THE STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF THE NESTING SITE EVALUATED WERE RELATED TO CLUTCH SIZE. THE NESTS WERE ORIENTED WITH A MEAN ANGLE OF 218° SW. HATCHING OF THE CHICKS BEGAN ON 25 SEPTEMBER 2014, AND THE MEAN PERIOD OF PARENTAL CARE LASTED 36.67 (± 14.49) DAYS. THE APPARENT HATCHING SUCCESS WAS 0.54, THE FLEDGING SUCCESS WAS 0.40, AND THE TOTAL BREEDING CYCLE SUCCESS WAS 0.23 INDEPENDENT YOUNG PER NEST. PREDATION EXPLAINED THE 56.7% NEST LOSS. CHIMANGO CARACARA (MILVAGO CHIMANGO) WAS THE MAIN PREDATOR OF EGGS AND CHICKS. THE MAYFIELD ESTIMATOR INDICATED A DAILY SURVIVAL PROBABILITY OF 4.4% FOR THE INCUBATION CYCLE, 26.2% FOR THE FLEDGLINGS AND 11.3% FOR THE TOTAL BREEDING CYCLE.

EL PRESENTE TIENE POR FINALIDAD MEDIR EL CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD EN FARDOS DE PAPEL Y CARTÓN APLICANDO TÉCNICA DE MICROONDA EN EL ESPACIO LIBRE DEFINIDO POR LA TRAYECTORIA DE LA ONDA ELECTROMAGNÉTICA, PARTICULARMENTE EN ESTE TRABAJO ES ANTENA TRANSMISORA, AIRE, MUESTRA, AIRE Y ANTENA RECEPTORA.SE REALIZARON A ESCALA DE LABORATORIO MEDICIONES EN DIFERENTES PROBETAS QUE SIMULAN LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS FARDOS A DISTINTOS CONTENIDOS DE HUMEDAD. LA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE LA INTERACCIÓN ENTRE EL MATERIAL Y LAS MICROONDAS SE LOGRA A TRAVÉS DE MEDICIONES DE POTENCIA EN RECEPCIÓN EN UN RANGO DE FRECUENCIA DE LOS 3,84-12,5GHZ PARA LUEGO ESTABLECER LA FRECUENCIA ÓPTIMA DE MEDICIÓN.LA INFORMACIÓN OBTENIDA EXPERIMENTALMENTE SE SOMETE A UNA FASE DE ANÁLISIS DE LAS DISTRIBUCIONES MEDIAS DE LAS VARIABLES ESTUDIADAS, EN BUSCA DE UNA O VARIAS CURVAS DE CALIBRACIÓN QUE PERMITAN ESTIMAR EL CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD EN CADA FARDO. LOS RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS EVIDENCIAN UNA RELACIÓN ENTRE LA POTENCIA DE RECEPCIÓN A DIFERENTES CONTENIDOS DE HUMEDAD, POR OTRA PARTE, LA VARIABILIDAD DE LAS MUESTRAS Y EL AMBIENTE DEL LABORATORIO INFLUYE EN LAS MEDICIONES.

AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE HETEROGENEITY, ESPECIALLY THE PRESENCE OF SEMI-NATURAL HABITATS, IS LIKELY TO INFLUENCE BIRD DIVERSITY POSITIVELY. IN THIS STUDY WE TESTED HOW THE DIFERENT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE FARMLAND MOSAIC AFFECTS BIRD DIVERSITY (RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE) AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THEIR POTENTIAL PROVISION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE AGROECOSYSTEMS OF SOUTHERN CHILE. FOR THAT WE COUNTED BIRDS VISUALLY AND ACOUSTICALLY AT 164 COUNTING STATIONS AND EACH BIRD SIGHTING WAS RELATED TO THE VEGETATION COVER AT THE LOCAL SCALE (200 M RADIUS) AND THE LANDSCAPE SCALE (450 M RADIUS). WE OBSERVED 3960 INDIVIDUALS COVERING 50 BIRD SPECIES. FROM A TAXONOMIC PERSPECTIVE, PASTURES AND TREE-STRUCTURED GREEN LANES SHOWED GREATER BIRD ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES RICHNESS THAN FORESTED HABITATS: CONTINUOUS WOODLANDS, RIPARIAN FORESTS, AND FOREST FRAGMENTS. REGARDING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, WHILE FOREST HABITATS WERE MAINLY REPRESENTED BY SPECIALIZED FRUGIVORES AND INSECTIVORES, ISOLATED TREES AND SHRUB FIELD BOUNDARIES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GRANIVOROUS SPECIES, AND FOREST FRAGMENTS AND CONTINUOUS FOREST HAD A STRONG RELATIONSHIP WITH SPECIES CLASSIFIED AS INTERMEDIATE FOREST DEPENDENCE. HABITAT HETEROGENEITY DID NOT INFLUENCE THE BIRD´S ABUNDANCE AND RICHNESS, AT THE LOCAL OR LANDSCAPE SCALES. NATIVE FOREST REMNANTS ARE KEY ELEMENTS IN SUPPORTING A HIGH DIVERSITY OF INSECTIVORES AND HABITAT GENERALIST BIRDS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF DIVERSE HABITAT TYPES IN MAINTAINING HIGH TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY AND KEY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF BIRDS, WHICH COULD PROVIDE REGULATION ECOSYSTEM SERVICES BY SUPPRESSING PEST INSECT POPULATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN CHILE.

IN THIS ARTICLE THE VALIDATION RESULTS OF THE ONLINE SELF-REGULATED LEARNING QUESTIONNAIRE (OSLQ) ARE PRESENTED. THE ADAPTATION WAS BASED ON A METHOD OF RETRANSLATION FROM THE ORIGINAL VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULFILMENT OF A PILOT TEST, WITH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY SAMPLE OF 238 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. THE RESULTS SHOW A HIGH INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF THE SCALE, WHICH PRESENTED A 0.90 CRONBACH ALPHA VALUE, AND THEREFORE, THE SCALE IS HIGHLY RELIABLE AND CONFIRMS THE CONSTRUCTS PROPOSED BY THE AUTHORS. THROUGH THE USE OF CONFIRMATORY FACTORIAL ANALYSIS, THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS VERIFIED. IN CONCLUSION, THIS DOCUMENT WILL PERMIT FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO MEASURE SELF-REGULATED LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS THAT USE EDUCATIONAL PLATFORMS, AND IT WILL SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES OF COGNITIVE, MOTIVATIONAL/EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ABILITIES OF THE STUDENT.

THE BLACK-FACED IBIS THERISTICUS MELANOPIS BUILDS NUMEROUS NESTS IN SOME TREES BUT AVOIDS OTHERS, SUGGESTING THAT PARTICULAR ATTRIBUTES OF TREES ARE SELECTED FOR. IN THIS STUDY WE TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE NUMBER OF PRIMARY STEMS RISING FROM THE TRUNK CORRELATES POSITIVELY WITH THE NUMBER OF ACTIVE NESTS IN THIS COLONIAL NESTING SPECIES. WITHIN AN AREA OF 61 KM2 OF PASTURES IN SOUTHERN CHILE, IN 2017 WE SELECTED 96 ISOLATED TREES. FOR EACH TREE WE EXAMINED NEST PRESENCE AND BREEDING STATUS. OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES EXAMINED, 38 HAD ACTIVE NESTS. THE ACTIVE NESTS WERE BUILT SOLELY IN PATAGONIAN OAK NOTHOFAGUS OBLIQUA AND CHILEAN LAUREL LAURELIA SEMPERVIRENS. THE NESTS WERE MAINLY LOCATED ON BRANCHES OF THE PRIMARY STEMS, AT AN AVERAGE HEIGHT OF 13.87 ± 0.62 M (±SE; RANGE: 2?27 M). THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF ACTIVE NESTS PER TREE WAS 0.82 ± 1.13 (RANGE: 1?4 NESTS) AND DID NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN THE TWO TREE SPECIES. HOWEVER, AVERAGE NEST HEIGHT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN THE PATAGONIAN OAK THAN IN THE CHILEAN LAUREL. PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING (PLS-SWM) INDICATED THAT TREE STRUCTURE, DETERMINED BY TREE AGE AND CANOPY HEIGHT, CANOPY COVER AND CONCEALMENT, CONTRIBUTED TO EXPLAINING THE NUMBER OF ACTIVE NESTS IN THE TREES. THERE WAS NO RELATION BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF PRIMARY STEMS AND THE NUMBER OF ACTIVE NESTS. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE BLACK-FACED IBIS RESPONDED TO THE GENERAL TREE ARCHITECTURE WHEN NEST BUILDING AND THAT, PROBABLY, THE PRESENCE OF AN ACTIVE NEST IN A GIVEN TREE CONSTITUTES KEY INTRASPECIFIC INFORMATION THAT INDUCES OTHER INDIVIDUALS OF THE POPULATION TO BUILD THEIR NESTS IN THE SAME TREE.

IN GENERAL, DATA REGARDING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD IS STILL INCOMPLETE, MAINLY OWING TO THE DIFFICULTIES INVOLVED IN PREPARING WELL-MADE STANDARD TESTING SAMPLES, AS WELL AS THE TIME-CONSUMING EVALUATION TESTS. THEREFORE, THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR PINUS RADIATA IN THIS PAPER WERE DETERMINED USING ULTRA SOUND TECHNOLOGY. IN PARALLEL, TYPICAL COMPRESSION MECHANICAL TESTING WAS CARRIED OUT TO COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST USING THE ULTRASOUND. THE LONGITUDINAL ELASTIC CONSTANT VALUES WERE SIMILAR TO THE MECHANICAL TESTING (ULTRASOUND WAS 12,8 % HIGHER THAN MECHANICAL TESTING), SHOWING THAT ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUE IS A RELIABLE AND VALID TOOL. THE VALUES FOR RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL MODULI OBTAINED BY THE ULTRASOUND VERSUS MECHANICAL TESTING SHOWED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. THIS MAY BE DUE TO THE DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING ADEQUATE SAMPLES FOR MECHANICAL TESTING. THE SYMMETRY OF THE SHEAR MODULUS WAS REVEALED BY THE ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUE (GIJ = GJI). POISSON?S RATIOS WERE NOT COMPARABLE USING EITHER METHOD; HOWEVER, VALUES OBTAINED WERE MORE CONSISTENT WITH THE EXISTING LITERATURE FOR PINUS SPECIES. ADDITIONALLY, THE ELASTIC ANISOTROPY OF THE ANALYZED WOOD SAMPLES WAS DEMONSTRATED THROUGH THE ULTRASOUND VELOCITY PROPAGATION IN THE MATERIAL. IT WAS THUS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN THE TWELVE ENGINEERING CONSTANTS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF WOOD EMPLOYING OF THE PROPOSED ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUE. THE RESULTS PROVED THAT THIS TECHNIQUE COULD BE A USEFUL TOOL FOR SUCH HARACTERIZATION

DIETARY STUDIES CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF BIRD ECOLOGY AND ARE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR PROGRAMS PROMOTING THE CONSERVATION OF ORGANISMS. WE CONTRASTED FECAL AND STOMACH CONTENT METHODS OF DIETARY ANALYSIS IN THE BLACK-FACED IBIS AND THE SOUTHERN LAPWING, IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY IN DISTINGUISHING CONSUMED PREY. DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF PREY DETECTED WERE GREATER IN STOMACH CONTENT SAMPLES THAN IN FECAL SAMPLES IN BOTH BIRD SPECIES. THE SOUTHERN LAPWING DID NOT SHOW ASSOCIATION IN THE NUMBER OF PREY, OR A SIMILARITY IN THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF PREYS BETWEEN BOTH METHODS, SUGGESTING A LACK OF RELIABILITY IN THE FECAL ANALYSIS THAT MIGHT LEAD TO MISUNDERSTANDING THE TROPHIC ECOLOGY OF THIS BIRD SPECIES. THE BLACK-FACED IBIS, SHOW A HIGH ASSOCIATION IN THE NUMBER OF PREYS BETWEEN BOTH METHODS, AND THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF PREY IN FECES WERE CONCORDANT WITH THAT DETECTED IN THE STOMACH CONTENTS, SUGGESTING THAT THE FECAL ANALYSIS GIVE RELIABLE RESULTS WHICH ARE COHERENT BETWEEN BOTH METHODS OF DIETARY ANALYSIS; THIS METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS, THEREFORE, RECOMMENDED, AND MUST BE COMPLEMENTED WITH MOLECULAR METHODS OF STOMACH CONTENT ANALYSIS, SUCH AS THE STABLE ISOTOPES IF THE SCOPES OF THE RESEARCH IS TO CARRY OUT LONG TERM STUDIES.

THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO PRESENT THE EXPERIENCE OF A HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION THROUGH THE RESULTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT MODEL, INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF THE ANALYSIS, FORMULATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION STAGES OF THIS MODEL FOR THE PERIOD 2006?2017, 11 YEARS. FIRST, THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IS DEVELOPED AND, SECONDLY, THE CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY WITH THE IMPLEMENTED MANAGEMENT MODEL IS EXPOSED, AS WELL AS THE HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCH VARIABLES ON WHICH IT IS SUBSEQUENTLY APPLIED IN A DESCRIPTIVE, EXPLORATORY, NON-EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL (PLS-SEM). THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH SHOW R2 VALUES OF 79.2% AND 94.9%, VERIFYING THAT THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS STAGE HAS A POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION STAGE OF THE MANAGEMENT MODEL USED. FINALLY, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT IT IS RELEVANT TO USE A MODEL THAT ALLOWS US TO GUIDE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS.

OBJECTIVE: TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PEOPLE AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH GUIDELINES BASED ON THE AREA OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT. METHODOLOGY: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH, IN WHICH THE NATIONAL QUALITY OF LIFE SURVEY 2015-2016 AND INFORMATION FROM THE CHILEAN HEALTH SERVICES TO THE YEAR 2019 WERE USED. A SAMPLE OF 6.818 PEOPLE WAS DETERMINED ON WHICH A MODEL OF STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS WAS APPLIED. RESULTS: A GLOBAL GOODNESS OF FIT INDEX, GOF OF 0.5131 WAS OBTAINED, CONSIDERED A GOOD FIT OF THE MODEL, AND 48.2% OF QUALITY OF LIFE WAS EXPLAINED BY THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS CONSIDERED. IN ADDITION, THE STRATEGIC HEALTH GUIDELINES WERE EXPLAINED IN 32.1% BY THE QUALITY OF LIFE, VERIFYING THAT IT AFFECTS THE HEALTH GUIDELINES OF THE COUNTRY. CONCLUSIONS: QUALITY OF LIFE HAS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHARACTER THAT CAN BE VISUALIZED THROUGH A MODEL THAT BRINGS TOGETHER INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AND, BECAUSE QUALITY OF LIFE IS ESSENTIAL TO IMPROVE THE WELL-BEING OF THE POPULATION, IT IS PRESENT IN HEALTH GUIDELINES OF THE CHILEAN HEALTH SERVICES.

WE EXAMINED THE INDIVIDUAL GROWTH OF THE BURROWING CRAYFISH PARASTACUS NICOLETI (PHILIPPI, 1882) BASED ON A SAMPLE OF 1,425 SPECIMENS. INDIVIDUALS WERE COLLECTED MONTHLY FROM NOVEMBER 1981 TO DECEMBER 1982, IN THE MARSHY WETLANDS OF THE ?PANGAL? HOMESTEAD IN REUMEN, SOUTHERN CHILE. THE CEPHALOTHORAX LENGTH (CL) AND BODY WEIGHT (BW) WERE RECORDED FOR ALL SPECIMENS. THE ASYMPTOTIC LENGTH PARAMETERS (L ?) AND THE GROWTH COEFFICIENT (K) WERE ESTABLISHED USING THE GULLAND AND HOLT METHOD (1959). THE T 0 PARAMETER WAS OBTAINED THROUGH THE INVERSE VON BERTALANFFY EQUATION AND THE LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP WAS DETERMINED ACCORDING TO THE EQUATION PROPOSED BY RICKER (1975). THE ASYMPTOTIC SIZE AND WEIGHT WERE 45.754 MM AND 18.50 G, RESPECTIVELY. THE GROWTH CONSTANT WAS 0.703/YEAR. ESTIMATED LONGEVITY WAS 4.32 YEARS. WE CONCLUDED THAT P. NICOLETI IS A RELATIVELY SMALL SPECIES WITH POOR GROWTH INDICATORS FOR SIZE AND WEIGHT AND, CONSEQUENTLY, IS NOT AN ATTRACTIVE SPECIES FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE PURPOSES.

BETWEEN SEPTEMBER AND DECEMBER 1989 WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF FLOCK SIZE ON FEEDING AND VIGILANCE BEHAVIORS OF THE BLACK-FACED IBIS (THERISTICUS MELANOPIS). THE BLACK FACED IBIS FORMED SMALL SIZED FLOCKS DURING THE STUDY PERIOD. FLOCKS OF 5 TO 6 INDIVIDUALS REPRESENTED THE HIGHER PROPORTION OF ALL OBSERVATIONS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT FEEDING AND VIGILANCE VARIABLES WERE INDEPENDENT OF FLOCK SIZE. ONLY PECKING AND VIGILANCE RATE SHOWED POSITIVE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WITH FLOCK SIZE. HOWEVER, THE EXPLAINED VARIANCE OF THE FLOCK SIZE FOR ALL VARIABLES ANALYZED WAS MINIMAL. WE CONCLUDED THAT THE BLACK-FACED IBIS HAS PROBABLY DEVELOPED EFFICIENT VIGILANCE SYSTEMS WHICH PROVIDE SMALL FLOCKS A GREATER PROTECTION AGAINST PREDATORS AND EVENTUALLY GREATER TROPHIC BENEFITS.

IN THIS WORK A RANKING OF CHILEAN UNIVERSITIES ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION IS DEVELOPED. THIS RANKING TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE MULTIVARIATE CHARACTER OF THESE INSTITUTIONS. ALSO, IT IS NOTED THAT THE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THOSE OF A WELL-KNOWN INTERNATIONAL RANKING THAT USES A DIFFERENT SET OF DATA, AS WELL AS WITH SEVERAL MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES OF THE DATA CONSIDERED IN THIS STUDY.

NATURALIZED RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) POPULATIONS ARE AN IMPORTANT RECREATIONAL FISHING RESOURCE IN THE ARAUCANIAN LAKES OF SOUTHERN CHILE, BUT FEW REPRODUCTIVE STUDIES HAVE BEEN UNDERTAKEN TO ASSESS THEIR SUSTAINABILITY. IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, SINCE THIS ANALYSIS MAY PROVIDE INFORMATION FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES. IN THIS STUDY WE CARRIED OUT A BIOMETRIC AND REPRODUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF NATURALIZED RAINBOW TROUT BREEDERS TO DESCRIBE THEIR PERFORMANCE AND TO EXPLORE THE VARIABLES THAT COULD DETERMINE FECUNDITY, FERTILIZATION IN ADDITION TO EGG SURVIVAL AND SIZE. WE COLLECTED NATURALIZED RAINBOW TROUT BREEDERS FROM SIX TRIBUTARIES OF CALAFQUÉN LAKE, DURING 2006, 2007 AND 2012 TO RECORD THEIR BIOMETRIC AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS. SPAWNING AND INCUBATION WERE PERFORMED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS IN A HATCHERY FACILITY TO IMPROVE THE RECORDING PROCESS. IN EACH SPAWNING SEASON, TOTAL FECUNDITY (TF, NO. OF EGGS/FEMALE), RELATIVE FECUNDITY (RF, NO. OF EGGS/KG FEMALE), FERTILIZATION RATE (FR, %), EGG DIAMETER (ED, MM) AND EYED EGG SURVIVAL (EES, %) WERE MODELED AS A FUNCTION OF BIOMETRIC AND REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS, USING GENERAL LINEAR MIXED MODELS. WE USED THIS STATISTICAL TOOL TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THESE REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS AND OTHER BREEDER TRAITS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY ALL THE POTENTIAL COMBINATIONS THAT COULD BE LINKED TO TF, RF, FR, ED AND EES. THE SPAWNING PERIOD RANGED FROM SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER (I.E., SPRING SPAWNING SEASON), WITH A CLEAR SPAWNING PEAK IN OCTOBER IN ALL REPRODUCTIVE SEASONS. MEAN TF (FROM 2275.9 TO 3438.7) AND RF (FROM 1730.5 TO 1909.8) FELL WITHIN THE RANGE OF, OR WERE CLOSE TO, DATA REPORTED FOR OTHER ARAUCANIAN LAKES, RESPECTIVELY. MEAN VALUES OF FR AND EES WERE RELATIVELY HIGH, RANGING FROM 88.8% TO 93.3% AND BETWEEN 83.4% AND 88.8%, RESPECTIVELY. MODELS INDICATED THAT TF IS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FEMALE BODY WEIGHT AND EGG WEIGHT, WHILE RF IS AFFECTED BY THE COMBINATION OF F