POWDERED INFANT FORMULAS (PIF) ARE THE MOST USED DIETARY SUBSTITUTES THAT ARE USED IN ORDER TO SUPPLEMENT BREASTFEEDING. HOWEVER, PIF ARE NOT STERILE AND CAN BE CONTAMINATED WITH DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO GENOMICALLY CHARACTERIZE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (ENT) AND ENTEROCOCCUS STRAINS THAT WERE ISOLATED FROM PIF. STRAINS WERE IDENTIFIED BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION?TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (MALDI-TOF MS) AND WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING (WGS). GENOMIC TYPING, DETECTION OF VIRULENCE, AND RESISTANCE PROFILES AND GENES WERE PERFORMED WITH THE RIDOM SEQSPHERE+ SOFTWARE; THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE DATABASE (CARD) PLATFORM; RESFINDER AND PLASMIDFINDER TOOLS; AND BY THE DISK DIFFUSION METHOD. NINETEEN ISOLATES FROM PIF WERE ANALYZED, INCLUDING ENT SUCH AS KOSAKONIA COWANII, ENTEROBACTER HORMAECHEI, FRANCONIBACTER HELVETICUS, MIXTA CALIDA, AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SUCH AS ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM. THE STRAINS EXHIBITED RESISTANCE TO BETA-LACTAMS, CEPHALOSPORINS, AND MACROLIDES. RESISTANCE GENES SUCH AS ACRAB-TOLC, MARA, MSBA, KNPEF, OQXAB, FOSA, BLAACT-7, BLAACT-14, QACJ, OQXAB, AAC(6?)-II, AND MSR(C); AND VIRULENCE GENES SUCH AS ASTA, CHEB, CHER, OMPA OMPX, TERC, IRONA, ACM, AND EFAAFM, ADEM WERE ALSO DETECTED. ALL THE ANALYZED STRAINS POSSESSED GENES THAT PRODUCED HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS, SUCH AS IBPA AND CLPL. IN PIF, THE PRESENCE OF ENT AND ENTEROCOCCUS THAT ARE MULTIRESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS TOGETHER WITH RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE GENES POSE A HEALTH RISK FOR INFANTS CONSUM- ING THESE FOOD PRODUCTS.

RESTRICTIONS OF SLEEP PREDISPOSE TO EXPERIENCE, IN THE LONG-TERM, EXCESS MALNUTRITION AND NON-TRANSMISSIBLE CHRONIC DISEASES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH HAS TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF WORKING SHIFTS ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS LIPID PROFILE AND FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE (FBG). STUDY OF A SERIES OF CASES CONSIDERED A TOTAL OF47 RECRUITED WORKERS FROM WHICH 31 OF THEM HAD A ROTATING SHIFT (DAY AND NIGHT) AND 16 A STEADY SHIFT (DAY). THE NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT INVOLVED: BMI (BODY MASS INDEX), WAIST AND HIP CIRCUMFERENCE, TRICIPITAL, BICIPITAL, SUB SCAPULAR AND SUPRA ILIAC SKIN FOLDS. SLEEP HOURS WERE STUDIED WITH A WEEKLY RECORD, FOOD INTAKE WAS STUDIED BY MEANS OF24-HOURS DIETARY RECALL. IT WAS DETERMINED: TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, C-HDL, C-LDL, BLOOD TRIGLYCERIDES AND FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE (FBG). THE SAMPLE WAS COMPOSED BY 87% WOMEN AND 13% MEN, AVERAGE AGE OF 38,7YEARS [19,0] V/S 44,7[25¿2] (P=0,420) IN ROTATING AND STEADY SHIFTS RESPECTIVELY. THE ROTATING SHIFT DID NOT SHOW ANY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES COMPARED TO THE STEADY SHIFT IN TERMS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS EXCEPT FOR SUB SCAPULAR SKIN FOLD THAT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER (P=0,032) IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS INTAKE. LIPID PROFILE AND GLYCERIN DID NOT SHOW IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES (P=>0,05). THE PREVALENCE OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS WAS: ROTATING SHIFT 35,4% NORMAL, 45,1% OVERWEIGHT AND 19,5% OBESE. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE STEADY SHIFT SHOWED: 43,7 % NORMAL AND 56¿% OVERWEIGHT. SENIORITY ONLY IN THE ROTATING SHIFT SHOWED A POSITIVE CORRELATION OF BMI (R=0,436 P

THIS STUDY CHARACTERIZED FIVE CRONOBACTER SPP. AND SIX SALMONELLA SPP. STRAINS THAT HAD BEEN ISOLATED FROM 155 SAMPLES OF POWDERED INFANT FORMULA (PIF) SOLD IN CHILE AND MANUFACTURED IN CHILE AND MEXICO IN 2018?2020. TWO STRAINS OF CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII SEQUENCE TYPE (ST) ST1 AND ST31 (SEROTYPES O:1 AND O:2) AND ONE STRAIN OF CRONOBACTER MALONATICUS ST60 (O:1) WERE IDENTIFIED. ALL SALMONELLA STRAINS WERE IDENTIFIED AS SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ST19 (SEROTYPE O:4) BY AVERAGE NUCLEOTIDE IDENTITY, RIBOSOMAL MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING (RMLST), AND CORE GENOME MLST (CGMLST). THE C. SAKAZAKII AND C. MALONATICUS ISOLATES WERE RESISTANT TO CEPHALOTHIN, WHEREAS THE SALMONELLA ISOLATES WERE RESISTANT TO OXACILLIN AND AMPICILLIN. NINETEEN ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES WERE DETECTED IN THE C. SAKAZAKII AND C. MALONATICUS ISOLATES; THE MOST PREVALENT WERE MCR-9.1, BLACSA, AND BLACMA. IN SALMONELLA, 30 GENES ENCODING FOR AMINOGLYCOSIDE AND CEPHALOSPORIN RESISTANCE WERE IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING AAC(6?)-IAA, ?-LACTAMASES AMPH, AMPC1, AND MARA. IN THE CRONOBACTER ISOLATES, 32 VIRULENCE-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE DETECTED BY WGS AND CLUSTERED AS FLAGELLAR PROTEINS, OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS, CHEMOTAXIS, HEMOLYSINS, INVASION, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR, COLONIZATION, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR, SURVIVAL IN MACROPHAGES, USE OF SIALIC ACID, AND TOXIN-ANTITOXIN GENES. IN THE SALMONELLA STRAINS, 120 VIRULENCE ASSOCIATED GENES WERE DETECTED, ADHERENCE, MAGNESIUM UPTAKE, RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES, SECRETION SYSTEM, STRESS PROTEIN, TOXIN, RESISTANCE TO COMPLEMENT KILLING, AND EIGHT PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS. THE C. SAKAZAKII AND C. MALONATICUS STRAINS HARBORED I-E AND I-F CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS AND CARRIED COL(PHHAD28) AND INCFIB(PCTU1) PLASMIDS, RESPECTIVELY. THE SALMONELLA STRAINS HARBORED TYPE I-E CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS AND CARRIED INCFII(S) PLASMIDS. THE PRESENCE OF C. SAKAZAKII AND SALMONELLA IN PIF IS A HEALTH RISK FOR INFANTS AGED LESS THAN 6 MONTHS. FOR THIS REASON, SANITARY PRACTICES SHOULD BE REINFORCED

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ES UNA BACTERIA GRAM POSITIVA PRODUCTORA ENTEROTOXINAS ESTAFILOCÓCICAS, RESPONSABLES A NIVEL MUNDIAL DE BROTES POR INTOXICACIÓN ESTAFILOCÓCICA. DETERMINAR LA GENOTIPIFICACIÓN Y PREVALENCIA DE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENTEROTOXIGÉNICO TIPO B, C, D Y E EN FROTIS NASOFARÍNGEOS DE MANIPULADORES DE ALIMENTOS DE CHILE. ESTE ESTUDIO SE REALIZÓ EN UNA MUESTRA DE 100 MANIPULADORES DE ALIMENTOS DE SERVICIOS DE ALIMENTACIÓN DE CHILLÁN. REALIZANDO EN UNA PRIMERA ETAPA, PREVIA FIRMA DE CONSENTIMIENTO INFORMADO, MUESTREO NASOFARÍNGEO EN LOS LUGARES DE TRABAJO. LAS MUESTRAS SE TRASLADARON A 4°C, PARA LUEGO SER INOCULADAS POR 48 HORAS A 37 °C EN PLACAS AGAR BAIRD PARKER. POSTERIOR A LAS PRUEBAS CONFIRMATIVAS DE CATALASA Y COAGULASA PARA STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, SE REALIZÓ EXTRACCIÓN DE ADN Y POSTERIOR IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR DE ENTEROTOXINA TIPO B, C, D Y E, MEDIANTE LA AMPLIFICACIÓN POR PCR CONVENCIONAL. EL 38% DE LA MUESTRA ESTABA COLONIZADA POR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. DEL TOTAL DE PORTADORES DE LA BACTERIA SE IDENTIFICÓ QUE EL 28,9% PRODUCÍAN LA ENTEROTOXINA TIPO B Y EL 7,9% PRODUCÍAN LA ENTEROTOXINA TIPO E, DE ESTOS UN 2,6% ERA PRODUCTOR DE AMBAS ENTEROTOXINAS. NO SE DETECTÓ PRESENCIA DE LAS ENTEROTOXINAS C Y D.