HIERARCHICAL PRODUCTION PLANNING IS A WIDELY UTILIZED METHODOLOGY FOR REAL WORLD PRODUCTION PLANNING SYSTEMS, WITH THE AIM TO ESTABLISH ALTERNATIVE DECISION-MAKING LEVELS OF THESE PLANNING ISSUES. FOR TACTICAL PURPOSES, THE METHODOLOGY CONSIDERING ONE OR TWO DISAGGREGATION LEVELS, IN ORDER TO MEET THE FINAL DEMAND. FREQUENTLY, THE HIERARCHICAL APPROACH UTILIZES DIFFERENT DETERMINISTIC OPTIMIZATION MODELS THAT IMPOSE APPROPRIATE CONSTRAINTS TO KEEP COHERENCE OF THE PLAN ON THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM. HOWEVER, IN MANY SITUATIONS, A DETERMINISTIC MODEL ISN?T APPROPRIATE FOR CAPTURING UNCERTAIN DEMAND BEHAVIOR THAT IS PRESENT IN SOME REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS. ONE UNCERTAINTY TO BE CONSIDERED IS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS IN WHICH THIS PARAMETER IS REPRESENTED BY A RANDOM VARIABLE OR A SET OF SCENARIOS. FOR THAT PURPOSE, IN THE PROPOSED CHAPTER, WE INTRODUCE A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH USING DIFFERENT STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION MODELS, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES AT THE TACTICAL LEVEL, AS WELL AS IN REFERENCE TO THE MOST IMMEDIATE PLANNING HORIZON, IN ORDER TO MEET UNCERTAIN DEMANDS. WE ALSO PRESENT A CASE STUDY APPLYING THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY TO AN INDUSTRIAL COMPANY THAT PRODUCES DIFFERENT HOUSE HOLD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES, ELUCIDATING THE RELEVANCY OF THE ADOPTED METHODOLOGY.

THE YIELD OF EUCALYPTUS REGNANS LOGS FOR LUMBER PRODUCTION WAS EVALUATED. CRACK WIDTH AND LENGTH AT EACH LOG END WERE MEASURED. TWO LOG-CUTTING PLANS WERE USED TO OBTAIN SAWN LUMBER. THE FIRST PLAN (PA) CONSIDERED LOGS WITH DIAMETERS VARYING FROM 28 TO 40 CM, AND IN THE SECOND PLAN (PB), THE LOG DIAMETERS RANGED FROM 42 TO 56 CM (PB). LUMBER YIELD WAS DETERMINED USING TWO LOG VOLUME METHODS: THE JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL STANDARDS (JAS) AND SMALIAN

GLOBAL WARMING IS A PROBLEM THAT THREATENS HUMANITY, WITH LIVESTOCK BEING ONE OF THE CAUSES. A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CARRIED OUT BY USING SOME APPROPRIATE ELEMENTS OF THE PRISMA STATEMENT TO IDENTIFY DISCIPLINES THAT WORK TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY BY ORGANIZING THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR APPROACH TO ADDRESSING THIS PROBLEM. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO FIND INFORMATION AND CLASSIFY THE DISCIPLINES, PAPERS, LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGIES, RESEARCH GAPS, AUTHORS, AND JOURNALS DEVELOPING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CATTLE SUPPLY CHAIN. THIS PAPER COULD ANALYZE AND MITIGATE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT GENERATED BY THE INDUSTRY, ORGANIZING THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR APPROACH. TWENTY DATABASES WERE CONSULTED BETWEEN MARCH AND MAY 2020, FROM WHICH 146 REVIEW DOCUMENTS WERE CHOSEN. THE PAPERS REVIEWED WERE PUBLISHED BETWEEN 2003 AND 2020. THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTION WERE OPEN ACCESS TO THE FULL TEXT, PUBLICATION IN AN INDEXED JOURNAL, AND A FOCUS ON ANY DISCIPLINE RELATED TO CATTLE. THE UNSELECTED PAPERS DID NOT HAVE DOIS OR DUPLICATES, AND THOSE FOCUSED ON OTHER TYPES OF MEAT AND BOOK CHAPTERS. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE INFORMATION IN THE SELECTED PAPERS WAS DESCRIBED AND CONSOLIDATED, AND THESE PAPERS HAD 602 AUTHORS AND WERE FROM 99 JOURNALS. NEXT, A DISCIPLINE CATEGORIZATION WAS PROPOSED. THE RESULTS WERE ORGANIZED, SHOWING THAT AMONG ALL THE ANALYSIS CRITERIA, THE CATEGORY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HAD THE BEST RESULTS IN TERMS OF INDICATORS; THEREFORE, ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS NEEDED ON THE OTHER DISCIPLINES, ESPECIALLY IN CULTURE, TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, QUALITY CONTROL, TANNERIES, AND TRANSPORTATION, AS THERE WAS LESS RESEARCH WITHIN THESE DISCIPLINES. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT RESEARCH ON A MIX OF THE DIFFERENT PROPOSED DISCIPLINES BE CONDUCTED. THE PROPOSED CATEGORIZATIONS MAIN CONTRIBUTION IS TO IDENTIFY AND GROUP THE CATTLE SUPPLY CHAINS DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES AND THE DEFINITION OF RESEARCH GAPS ORGANIZED UNDER A STRUCTURE

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO ANALYZE THE VOCAL COMPONENT IN TEACHERS PRE AND POST PROGRAM OF VOCAL IMPROVEMENT. THE USED METHODOLOGY CONSISTED ON PREVENTINGTHE FUNCTIONAL DYSPHONIC OF 24 TEACHERS ASSESSING VOCAL AND ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS. DATA WAS ANALYZED WITH STUDENT?S T IN THE CASE OF PARAMETRIC VARIABLES AND MANN WHITNEY WITH NON PARAMETRIC VARIABLES. THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IMPROVES ITS MAXIMUM PHONATION TIME SCORES, DEGREE OF HOARSENESS AND ITS FUNCTIONAL AND TOTAL PHYSICAL VOCAL HANDICAP INDEX. NO DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED BETWEEN THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN FREQUENCY, JITTER AND SHIMMER. THE TEACHERS WHO ATTENDED THE PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION PROGRAM IMPROVED VOCAL PARAMETERS, BUT NO DIFFERENCES WERE SEEN IN THE ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS. TEACHERS EXPRESSED THAT THE ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT, ARE USEFUL TO RAISE AWARENESS ON THE PREVENTION OF VOCAL PATHOLOGY.

THIS PAPER CONSIDERS THE PROBLEM OF ZONE DELINEATION MANAGEMENT AND CROP PLANNING. THE PROBLEM CONSISTS OF SELECTING WHICH CROPS TO PLANT IN DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT ZONES IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE THE TOTAL COSTS SUBJECTED TO A GIVEN DEMAND REQUIREMENT. FROM A HIERARCHICAL POINT OF VIEW, THE PROCESS STARTS BY GENERATING A PARTITION OF AN AGRICULTURAL FIELD INTO HOMOGENEOUS MANAGEMENT ZONES, ACCORDING TO A GIVEN SOIL PROPERTY. THEN, THE BEST CROP ROTATION MUST BE ASSIGNED TO EACH MANAGEMENT ZONE, APPLYING AGRONOMIC PRACTICES IN A SITE-SPECIFIC MANNER IN EACH ZONE. THIS HIERARCHICAL APPROACH ESTABLISHES TWO DECISION MAKING LEVELS OF PLANNING. AT EACH LEVEL, A TWO-STAGE STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION MODEL IS PROPOSED, REPRESENTING THE UNCERTAIN BEHAVIOR OF A SOIL PROPERTY AND CROP YIELDS BY USING A FINITE SET OF SCENARIOS. NEXT, WE COMBINED THEM INTO A NEW TWO-STAGE STOCHASTIC PROGRAM, SOLVING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH BY SIMULTANEOUSLY DETERMINING AN OPTIMAL ZONING AND ALLOCATION. RESULTS FROM A SET OF EVALUATED INSTANCES SHOWED THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND THE BENEFITS OF THE HIERARCHICAL APPROACH OVER THE INTEGRATED ONE.

LOS DOCENTES TIENEN UN DESGASTE VOCAL INTENSO EN SU EJERCICIO PROFESIONAL QUE REQUIERE PREPARACIÓN PREVIA EN EL USO DE LA VOZ EN EL AULA. LA PREVENCIÓN ES UN CAMINO NECESARIO QUE EL DOCENTE DEBIERA CONSIDERAR PARA TENER LAS HERRAMIENTAS SUFICIENTES QUE LE PERMITAN DETECTAR TEMPRANAMENTE QUÉ FACTORES ESTÁN AFECTANDO SU DESEMPEÑO VOCAL. ADEMÁS, EL CONOCIMIENTO DE EJERCICIOS VOCALES Y LOS EFECTOS QUE TIENE EN EL TRACTO VOCAL LE PERMITIRÁN REDUCIR EL RIESGO DE PADECER DISFONÍA.