EL ACCESO Y DISPONIBILIDAD A ALIMENTOS SEGUROS Y NUTRITIVOS, ES PRIORITARIO PARA OBTENER UNA BUENA NUTRICIÓN, CON EL FIN DE MEJORAR LA SALUD Y CALIDAD DE VIDA DE LAS PERSONAS MAYORES (PM). EL OBJETIVO DEL ESTUDIO FUE DETERMINAR LA PREVALENCIA DE MALNUTRICIÓN POR DÉFICIT E INSEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA EN PM INSTITUCIONALIZADAS EN ELEAM, DE LAS COMUNAS DE CHILLÁN Y CHILLÁN VIEJO, REGIÓN DE ÑUBLE. ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO QUE INCLUYÓ A 63 PERSONAS DE 65-96 AÑOS, RESIDENTES EN 7 ELEAM DE LAS COMUNAS DE CHILLÁN Y CHILLÁN VIEJO QUE ACEPTARON PARTICIPAR DEL ESTUDIO. SE EVALUÓ EL ESTADO NUTRICIONAL MEDIANTE ÍNDICE DE MASA CORPORAL (IMC), CIRCUNFERENCIA BRAQUIAL (CB), PERÍMETRO DE PANTORRILLA (PP); Y SE APLICÓ ESCALA DE SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA ADAPTADA Y VALIDADA. LA INFORMACIÓN SE ANALIZÓ CON ESTADÍSTICA DESCRIPTIVA UNI Y BIVARIADA SEGÚN TIPO DE VARIABLES. EL GRUPO ESTUVO CONFORMADO MAYORITARIAMENTE POR MUJERES (74,6%). LA SITUACIÓN NUTRICIONAL MÁS PREVALENTE FUE LA MALNUTRICIÓN POR DÉFICIT (42,9%), SEGUIDA POR EL ESTADO NUTRICIONAL NORMAL (31,7%). LA CB MOSTRÓ VALORES PROMEDIOS DE 26,9±3,5 CM EN LAS MUJERES Y DE 26,8±4,5 CM EN LOS HOMBRES; SEGÚN PP EL 39,6% PRESENTÓ DÉFICIT DE MASA MUSCULAR. LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA ESTUVO PRESENTE EN EL 20,6% DE LOS ENCUESTADOS Y LA INSEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA EN EL 79,3%. SE CONCLUYE QUE LAS PM PERTENECIENTES A LOS ELEAM ESTUDIADOS, PRESENTARON MAYORITARIAMENTE MALNUTRICIÓN POR DÉFICIT, E INSEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA, LO QUE NO CONTRIBUYE A UNA MEJOR SALUD DEL GRUPO ESTUDIADO.

POWDERED INFANT FORMULAS (PIF) ARE THE MOST USED DIETARY SUBSTITUTES THAT ARE USED IN ORDER TO SUPPLEMENT BREASTFEEDING. HOWEVER, PIF ARE NOT STERILE AND CAN BE CONTAMINATED WITH DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO GENOMICALLY CHARACTERIZE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (ENT) AND ENTEROCOCCUS STRAINS THAT WERE ISOLATED FROM PIF. STRAINS WERE IDENTIFIED BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION?TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (MALDI-TOF MS) AND WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING (WGS). GENOMIC TYPING, DETECTION OF VIRULENCE, AND RESISTANCE PROFILES AND GENES WERE PERFORMED WITH THE RIDOM SEQSPHERE+ SOFTWARE; THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE DATABASE (CARD) PLATFORM; RESFINDER AND PLASMIDFINDER TOOLS; AND BY THE DISK DIFFUSION METHOD. NINETEEN ISOLATES FROM PIF WERE ANALYZED, INCLUDING ENT SUCH AS KOSAKONIA COWANII, ENTEROBACTER HORMAECHEI, FRANCONIBACTER HELVETICUS, MIXTA CALIDA, AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SUCH AS ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM. THE STRAINS EXHIBITED RESISTANCE TO BETA-LACTAMS, CEPHALOSPORINS, AND MACROLIDES. RESISTANCE GENES SUCH AS ACRAB-TOLC, MARA, MSBA, KNPEF, OQXAB, FOSA, BLAACT-7, BLAACT-14, QACJ, OQXAB, AAC(6?)-II, AND MSR(C); AND VIRULENCE GENES SUCH AS ASTA, CHEB, CHER, OMPA OMPX, TERC, IRONA, ACM, AND EFAAFM, ADEM WERE ALSO DETECTED. ALL THE ANALYZED STRAINS POSSESSED GENES THAT PRODUCED HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS, SUCH AS IBPA AND CLPL. IN PIF, THE PRESENCE OF ENT AND ENTEROCOCCUS THAT ARE MULTIRESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS TOGETHER WITH RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE GENES POSE A HEALTH RISK FOR INFANTS CONSUM- ING THESE FOOD PRODUCTS.

OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) AND FUNCTIONAL FITNESS (FF) IN 9- TO 10-YEAR-OLD CHILEAN CHILDREN. METHODS: THIS WAS AN ANALYTICAL AND CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WITH A PROBABILISTIC SAMPLE CONSISTING OF 139 CHILDREN OF BOTH SEXES. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, HEMODYNAMIC VARIABLES, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (PAQ-C), AND FF (MEASURED BY A 6-MINUTE WALK TEST: 6MWT) WERE RECORDED. IF THE DISTANCE WALKED WAS

OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PREPREGNANCY BODY MASS, GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, AND INADEQUATE BREASTFEEDING (BF) WITH OVERWEIGHT IN CHILEAN CHILDREN AGES 3 TO 4 Y. METHODS: THIS WAS AN ANALYTICAL AND CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WITH 560 PARTICIPANTS. AGE, RESIDENCE, BF, AND WEIGHT GAIN INFORMATION WERE COLLECTED FROM CHILD CARE RECORDS. THE CHILDRENS NUTRITIONAL STATUS (NS) WAS DETERMINED ACCORDING TO THE WEIGHT-FOR-HEIGHT Z-SCORE FOR SEX. BIVARIATE RELATIONSHIPS WERE EVALUATED BY THE ?2 TEST, AND A MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL WAS APPLIED WITH THE STATA VERSION 15 SOFTWARE AT ? < 0.05. RESULTS: PREPREGNANCY NS VALUES WERE 37% NORMAL AND 63% OVERWEIGHT. EXCESS WEIGHT GAIN OCCURRED IN 75% OF THE MOTHERS. THE CHILDRENS NS WAS RELATED TO THE DURATION OF BF (P = 0.002), PREPREGNANCY NS (P = 0.002), AND WEIGHT GAIN (P = 0.004). WHEN ADJUSTING THE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL FOR SEX AND MATERNAL AGE, THE OVERWEIGHT PREPREGNANCY NS INCREASED UP TO TWICE THE RISK FOR OW IN CHILDREN (ODDS RATIO [OR], 2; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI], 1.3-4.1), AS WELL AS EXCESS WEIGHT GAIN (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-5.9), AND NON-EXCLUSIVE BF (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4). CONCLUSION: CHILDREN SHOWING RISK FACTORS SUCH AS NON-EXCLUSIVE BF, PREPREGNANCY NS WITH OVERWEIGHT, AND EXCESS GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN FACED BETWEEN 2 AND 2.4 TIMES MORE RISK FOR OVERWEIGHT THAN CHILDREN WITHOUT THESE FACTORS.

HOMOPHOBIC ATTITUDE IN HEALTH WORKERS IS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT IN THE HEALTH OF THE HOMOSEXUAL POPULATION BECAUSE IT AFFECTS HEALTHCARE AND ITS ACCESS AND EQUITY. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF HOMOPHOBIA AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY HEALTH WORKERS IN SOUTHERN CHILE. THIS WAS AN ANALYTICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. THE SAMPLE CONSISTED OF 491 PUBLIC SERVANTS FROM HEALTH CENTERS IN SOUTHERN CHILE. THE ATTITUDES TOWARD LESBIANS AND GAY MEN (ATLG) SCALE WAS APPLIED, AND A BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION. THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS WERE PREDOMINANTLY WOMEN (76.0%), UNDER 40 YEARS OF AGE (63.5%), HETEROSEXUALS (93.5%), AND UNPARTNERED (68.2%) BUT WITH CHILDREN (61.7%), AND THEY ALSO HAD AN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ? 12 YEARS (66.6%). ABOUT 87.6% OF THE PARTICIPANTS HELD HEALTHCARE POSITIONS, AND THE MAJORITY WERE RELIGIOUS BELIEVERS (74.3%) AND HAD A CENTRIST POLITICAL AFFILIATION (51.0%). RESULTS INDICATED THAT 34% OF THE PARTICIPANTS EXHIBITED HOMOPHOBIC ATTITUDES; THERE WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WITH RESPECT TO AGE, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, RELIGION, AND POLITICAL AFFILIATION (P < 0.01). THESE WERE HIGHER IN INDIVIDUALS ?40 YEARS OF AGE, WITH ?3 CHILDREN, WITH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ? 12 YEARS, HOLDING A HEALTHCARE POSITION, WHO WERE RELIGIOUS BELIEVERS, AND WHO HAD RIGHT-WING POLITICAL AFFILIATION.

THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN PRETERM (PT) BIRTHS IN WESTERN COUNTRIES IN RECENT YEARS, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) CHILDREN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL FACTORS AND PT AND LBW CHILEAN NEWBORNS. METHODS: THIS WAS AN ANALYTICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF 903,847 NEWBORNS AND THEIR MOTHERS. THE NEWBORN GESTATIONAL AGE, BIRTH WEIGHT, MATERNAL AGE, MARITAL STATUS, EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT SITUATION, AND RESIDENCE WERE ANALYZED. A MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL WAS APPLIED (? = 0.05) (STATA V.15). THE PREVALENCE WAS 6.8% AND 5.0% FOR PT AND LBW, RESPECTIVELY. THE PROBABILITY OF THE NEWBORNS BEING PT AND LBW WAS 1.18 AND 1.22 TIMES IF THEIR MOTHERS HAD

OVERNUTRITION IS A RELEVANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH A MULTIFACTORIAL ORIGIN. ASSOCIATED FACTORS INCLUDE MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER GESTATION, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, AND BREASTFEEDING DURATION. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OVERNUTRITION IN CHILDREN AGED 5-10 YEARS AND PRE- AND GESTATIONAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS, EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING, AND MATERNAL PATHOLOGIES. THE STUDY CONSISTED OF 213 SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 5-10 YEARS. BIO-SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA WERE OBTAINED THROUGH INTERVIEWS WITH MOTHERS, PREVIOUS MATERNAL DATA AND PREGNANCY FOLLOW-UP RECORDS. NUTRITIONAL STATUS WAS MEASURED USING WEIGHT-FOR-HEIGHT AND BMI Z-SCORE BY AGE AND SEX. THE STATA 15.0 SOFTWARE WAS USED FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. A TOTAL OF 56% OF THE SCHOOLCHILDREN HAD OVERNUTRITION. MEANWHILE, 53.1% OF THE MOTHERS DEMONSTRATED PRE-PREGNANCY OVERNUTRITION, WHICH INCREASED TO 74.6% POST-PREGNANCY. IT WAS FOUND THAT 71.4% OF SCHOOLCHILDREN HAD EXPERIENCED EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING ?6 MONTHS. MATERNAL AGE ?35 YEARS (P= 0.044) AND PREGESTATIONAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS (P= 0.014) WERE STATISTICALLY RELATED. MATERNAL AGE ?35 YEARS INCREASED OVERNUTRITION BY ALMOST TWO-FOLD (OR= 1.78; IC: 1.029-3.046), AS DID PRE-GESTATIONAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS (OR= 2.11; IC: 1.193-3.693) AND MATERNAL PATHOLOGIES (OR= 1.41; IC: 1.073-2.694). IN CONCLUSION, SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 5-10 YEARS WITH MOTHERS ?35 YEARS OF AGE, WHO HAD OVERNUTRITION IN THE PRE-GESTATIONAL PERIOD, AND A PATHOLOGY WERE 1.4 TO 2.44 TIMES MORE AT RISK OF DEVELOPING OVERNUTRITION THAN CHILDREN WITHOUT THESE FACTORS. KEYWORDS: BREASTFEEDING; CHILDREN; GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN; MATERNAL AGE; OVERNUTRITION.

FETAL GROWTH CAN BE AFFECTED BY GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION. THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PREMATURITY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) WITH GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO PM2.5 AND PM10 PARTICULATE MATTER IN CHILEANS NEWBORNS. THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYTICAL STUDY INCLUDED 595,369 NEWBORNS. DATA WERE EXTRACTED FROM THE LIVE NEWBORN RECORDS OF THE CHILEAN MINISTRY OF HEALTH. SEX, GESTATIONAL AGE, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND LIVING VARIABLES WERE ANALYZED. WE USED THE AIR QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE CHILEAN MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO OBTAIN MEAN PM2.5 AND PM10 EMISSIONS. A MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL WAS PERFORMED WITH STATA 15.0 SOFTWARE AT ? < 0.05. PREVALENCE WAS 7.4% PREMATURITY AND 5.5% LBW. MEAN PM2.5 AND PM10 CONCENTRATIONS WERE 25.5 ?G/M3 AND 55.3 ?G/M3, RESPECTIVELY. PM2.5 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED THE RISK OF LBW (OR: 1.031; 95%CI: 1.004-1.059) WHEN EXPOSURE OCCURRED IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER, WHILE PM10 AFFECTED THE WHOLE PREGNANCY. IN ADDITION, PM10 EXPOSURE IN ANY GESTATIONAL TRIMESTER WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED THE RISK OF PREMATURITY. THE PM10 PARTICULATE MATTER WAS ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH PREMATURITY AND LBW IN ALL OF THE TRIMESTERS OF EXPOSURE. THE PM2.5 PARTICULATE MATTER WAS ONLY ASSOCIATED WITH LBW WHEN EXPOSURE OCCURRED IN THE SECOND GESTATIONAL TRIMESTER.

INTRODUCCIÓN: LA AUTOMEDICACIÓN ES UN PROBLEMA DE SALUD, ESPECIALMENTE, EN ESTUDIANTES QUE VIVEN EN RESIDENCIAS UNIVERSITARIAS. OBJETIVO: CARACTERIZAR LA AUTOMEDICACIÓN EN ESTUDIANTES QUE VIVEN EN UNA RESIDENCIA UNIVERSITARIA DE LA CIUDAD DE CHILLÁN. MÉTODOS: ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO TRANSVERSAL. LA MUESTRA FUE NO PROBABILÍSTICA Y QUEDÓ CONFORMADA POR 102 ESTUDIANTES QUE REPRESENTARON EL 68 % DEL UNIVERSO. PARA CARACTERIZAR LA PRÁCTICA DE AUTOMEDICACIÓN SE CREÓ UN INSTRUMENTO BASADO EN LA LITERATURA, EL CUAL SE VALIDÓ POR EXPERTOS Y PRUEBA PILOTO. RESULTADOS: SE OBTUVO UNA PREVALENCIA DE AUTOMEDICACIÓN DEL 81,2 %. LAS PRINCIPALES RAZONES REFIEREN NO CONSIDERAR NECESARIO CONSULTAR AL MÉDICO (46 %). SI LA SINTOMATOLOGÍA PERSISTE, UN 56 % CONCURRE AL MÉDICO. LA ADQUISICIÓN DE MEDICAMENTOS ES PRINCIPALMENTE EN FARMACIAS (63 %) Y LAS FUENTES DE PROMOCIÓN DE LA CONDUCTA SON LIDERADAS POR FAMILIARES (51 %) Y AMIGOS (47,6 %). LOS SÍNTOMAS MÁS FRECUENTES QUE FUERON CAUSA DE LA AUTOMEDICACIÓN FUERON: DOLOR DE CABEZA, GRIPE E INFLAMACIONES, LAS CUALES FUERON TRATADAS PREFERENTEMENTE POR EL GRUPO DE FÁRMACOS ANTIINFLAMATORIOS NO ESTEROIDEOS. EL 80 % CONSIDERA QUE AUTOMEDICARSE ES UNA PRÁCTICA RIESGOSA, EL 64 % HA RECOMENDADO ALGÚN MEDICAMENTO Y UN 46 % TIENEN UN STOCK DE ELLOS EN SU LUGAR DE RESIDENCIA. CONCLUSIONES: LA AUTOMEDICACIÓN CONSTITUYE UNA FORMA DE AUTOCUIDADO QUE DEBE SER ENFOCADA EN FORMA CONJUNTA POR TODOS LOS ENTES PARTICIPANTES A FIN DE MINIMIZAR LOS POTENCIALES RIESGOS ASOCIADOS.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE PRESENCE OF CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN DAIRY PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH A FOOD ALERT. NINETY DAIRY PRODUCT SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED, INCLUDING SEVEN COMMERCIAL BRANDS AND TWO PRODUCT TYPES (LIQUID AND POWDERED) FROM FOUR COUNTRIES. AEROBIC PLATE COUNT (APC) AND ENTEROBACTERIACEAE COUNT WERE PERFORMED ACCORDING TO CHILEAN STANDARDS. CRONOBACTER SPP. AND C. SAKAZAKII WERE IDENTIFIED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION REAL TIME AMPLIFICATION OF RPOB AND CGCA GENES AND THE GENOTYPE BY MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING. EIGHTY-EIGHT PERCENT OF DAIRY PRODUCTS SHOWED APC HIGHER THAN THE DETECTION LIMIT. FIFTY PERCENT OF LIQUID COMMERCIAL BRAND SAMPLES CONTAINED APC: 2.6, 2.3, 1.1, AND 2.9 CFU/ML IN BRANDS A, C, E, AND G, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS FOR POWDERED COMMERCIAL BRANDS WERE 3.0, 3.6, AND 5.7 CFU/G IN BRANDS B, D, AND F, RESPECTIVELY. MAXIMUM COUNT (5.7 CFU/G) OCCURRED IN BRAND F DAIRY PRODUCT MANUFACTURED IN CHILE. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE WERE FOUND IN 55% OF THE SAMPLES, 64% IN LIQUID AND 51% IN POWDERED COMMERCIAL BRANDS. IN 50% OF BRANDS B, D, AND E, SAMPLES CONTAINED 2.9, 2.8, AND 2.7 LOG CFU/G, RESPECTIVELY. ONLY LIQUID COMMERCIAL BRANDS FROM THE UNITED STATES HAD ENTEROBACTERIACEAE VALUES BETWEEN 0.1 AND 4.5 CFU/ML. SEVENTEEN SUSPICIOUS STRAINS WERE ISOLATED AND NINE WERE IDENTIFIED AS ENTEROBACTER SPP. ONLY EIGHT SUSPICIOUS STRAINS FROM FOUR POWDERED COMMERCIAL BRANDS (CHILE AND SINGAPORE) WERE CONFIRMED AS C. SAKAZAKII BY RPOB AND CGCA GENE AMPLIFICATION AND FUSA SEQUENCING. C. SAKAZAKII PREVALENCE IN THE ANALYZED SAMPLES WAS 8.8%. THERE WERE 11% OF POWDERED MILK BRANDS THAT CONTAINED APC BETWEEN 4.0 AND 4.7 LOG CFU/G AND 55% OF THE SAMPLES CONTAINED ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. C. SAKAZAKII WAS FOUND IN DAIRY PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED IN CHILE AND SINGAPORE. ON THE BASIS OF THIS INFORMATION, THE CHILEAN MINISTRY OF HEALTH (RSA) DECREED A NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FOOD ALERT AND RECALLED ALL THE PRODUCT BATCHES THAT RES

BREAST MILK AND POWDERED MILK ARE THE PRIMARY FOOD FOR CHILDREN. HOWEVER, THEY ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CONTAMINATION BY MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS CRONOBACTER SPP. CRONOBACTER SPP. HAS BEEN A CONCERN FOR HEALTH AUTHORITIES BECAUSE OF ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SEVERE NEONATAL INFECTIONS AND POWDERED INFANT FORMULA CONSUMPTION. AS A RESULT, THE MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR THE HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR POWDERED FORMULAE FOR INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN WERE IMPROVED BY THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION AND REVISED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS INFORMATION PUBLISHED ON THE GENUS CRONOBACTER SPP., ITS PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT, ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS, AND VIRULENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE.