PUPIL DILATION HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE EFFORT REQUIRED TO PERFORM VARIOUS COGNITIVE TASKS. AT THE LEXICAL LEVEL, SOME STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THIS NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURE WOULD PROVIDE OBJECTIVE, REAL-TIME INFORMATION DURING WORD PROCESSING AND LEXICAL ACCESS. HOWEVER, DUE TO THE SCARCITY AND INCIPIENT ADVANCEMENT OF THIS LINE OF RESEARCH, ITS APPLICABILITY, USE, AND SENSITIVITY ARE NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR. THIS SCOPING REVIEW AIMS TO DETERMINE THE APPLICABILITY AND USEFULNESS OF PUPILLOMETRY IN THE STUDY OF LEXICAL ACCESS BY PROVIDING AN UP-TO-DATE OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THIS AREA. FOLLOWING THE PRISMA PROTOCOL,16 ARTICLES WERE INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT PUPILLOMETRY IS A HIGHLY APPLICABLE, USEFUL, AND SENSITIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSING LEXICAL SKILLS OF WORD RECOGNITION, WORD RETRIEVAL, AND SEMANTIC ACTIVATION. MOREOVER, IT EASILY FITS INTO TRADITIONAL RESEARCH PARADIGMS AND METHODS IN THE FIELD. BECAUSE IT IS A NON-INVASIVE, OBJECTIVE, AND AUTOMATED PROCEDURE, IT CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY POPULATION OR AGE GROUP. HOWEVER, THE EMERGING DEVELOPMENT OF THIS SPECIFIC AREA OF RESEARCH AND THE METHODOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OBSERVED IN THE INCLUDED STUDIES DO NOT YET ALLOW FOR DEFINITIVE CONCLUSIONS IN THIS AREA, WHICH IN TURN DOES NOT ALLOW FOR META-ANALYSES OR FULLY CONCLUSIVE STATEMENTS ABOUT WHAT THE PUPIL RESPONSE ACTUALLY REFLECTS WHEN PROCESSING WORDS. STANDARDIZED PUPILLARY RECORDING AND ANALYSIS METHODS NEED TO BE DEFINED TO GENERATE MORE ACCURATE, REPLICABLE RESEARCH DESIGNS WITH MORE RELIABLE RESULTS TO STRENGTHEN THIS LINE OF RESEARCH.

INTRODUCTION: SUTTERING IN EARLY CHILDHOOD AFFECTS 5 % OF CHILDREN, WITH A PREVALENCE OF 1 % IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. ALTHOUGH MOST RECOVER SPONTANEOUSLY, 20 % MAY PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD, NEGATIVELY IMPACTING THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO ANALYZE THE EVOLUTION OF RESEARCH ON STUTTERING IN EARLY CHILDHOOD THROUGH PUBLICATIONS INDEXED IN THE WEB OF SCIENCE (WOS) DATABASE BETWEEN 1975 AND 2024. METHODS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF 1 130 ARTICLES EXTRACTED FROM WOS WAS CARRIED OUT USING THE VOSVIEWER SOFTWARE. PUBLICATIONS, CITATIONS, THEMATIC CATEGORIES, AUTHORS, KEYWORDS, INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATIONS AND THE MOST RELEVANT COUNTRIES WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS: BETWEEN 1992 AND 1995, THERE WAS THE GREATEST INCREASE IN PUBLICATIONS IN THE AREA WITH 44 ARTICLES. THE PEAK OF CITATIONS WAS IN 2021 WITH 1 704 CITATIONS. THE UNITED STATES LEADS THE PRODUCTION WITH 581 ARTICLES, FOLLOWED BY AUSTRALIA WITH 128 ARTICLES. THE MOST FREQUENT KEYWORDS WERE STUTTERING.

THE GLOBAL RISE IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION INHERENTLY ESCALATES THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE. ENSURING COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE FOR HEALTHY BRAIN AGING PRESENTS SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES FOR RESEARCHERS AND HEALTH PROFESSIONALS PROMOTING SELF-CARE BEHAVIORS. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LATEST RESEARCH ON HEALTHY BRAIN AGING BY EMPLOYING A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FRAMEWORK. IT INTEGRATES BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS TO ELUCIDATE THEIR COLLECTIVE INFLUENCE ON COGNITIVE HEALTH IN OLDER ADULTS. METHODOLOGICALLY, THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE. A DIVERSE ARRAY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES WAS OBTAINED FROM PROMINENT ELECTRONIC DATABASES, INCLUDING MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCOPUS AND WEB OF SCIENCE, TO ENSURE BROAD COVERAGE OF THE TOPIC. THE SEARCH WAS DESIGNED TO CAPTURE RELEVANT STUDIES PUBLISHED BETWEEN 2010 AND 2025, USING KEY TERMS SUCH AS ?AGING?, ?BIOMARKER?, ?NEURODEGENERATION?, AND ?COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE?. FOLLOWING A RIGOROUS SELECTION PROCESS, TWO FIELD SPECIALISTS EVALUATED A TOTAL OF 106 FULL-TEXT ARTICLES TO IDENTIFY THOSE THAT MET THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, ULTIMATELY YIELDING 70 RELEVANT STUDIES. THE FINDINGS REVEAL IMPORTANT CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PSYCHOSOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS AND BRAIN MORPHOLOGY, HIGHLIGHTING LIFESTYLE FACTORS?SUCH AS DIET, EXERCISE, AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT?AS CRUCIAL FOR COGNITIVE HEALTH. THE ARTICLE ALSO UNDERSCORES SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS RELEVANT FOR ASSESSING BRAIN AGE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. NOTABLY, WHILE BIOLOGICAL MARKERS LIKE A?, TAU, AND ?-SYNUCLEIN (PROTEINS THAT DEFINE THE CORE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF COMMON NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES) ARE PRESENT, THEY DO NOT GUARANTEE THE ONSET OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN DETERMINING DISEASE MANIFESTATION.

STUTTERING IS A SPEECH DISORDER THAT AFFECTS A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN IN EARLY CHILHOOD, CHARACTERIZED BY INTERRUPTIONS IN THE VERBAL FLOW. PPROXIMATELY 3 % TO 8 % OF CHILDREN AGED 2 TO 6 YEARS HAVE THIS DISORDER, AND ALTHOUGH A HIGH PERCENTAGE SHOW SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY, 20 % DO NOT. EARLY DETECTION IS CRUCIAL TO FACILITATE INTERVENTION AND IMPROVE RECOVERY PROGNOSES. THIS STUDY AIMS TO DEVELOP AND VALIDATE AN INSTRUMENT FOR EARLY DETECTION OF STUTTERING IN CHILDREN AGED 2 TO 2 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS, BASED ON SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL AND LINGUISTIC SKILLS.