BACKGROUND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PRODUCES 11 SEROTYPES OF ENDOTOXINS THAT MAY CAUSE FOOD POISONING. AIM TO DETERMINE THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE A ENTEROTOXIGENIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CARRIAGE AMONG FOOD SERVICE WORKERS IN CHILLAN, CHILE. MATERIAL AND METHODS PHARYNGEAL SWABS WERE OBTAINED FROM 100 FOOD SERVICE WORKERS AND WERE CULTURED IN AGAR PLATES. AFTER IDENTIFYING THE PRESENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, DNA WAS EXTRACTED TO IDENTIFY TYPE A TOXIN BY CONVENTIONAL PCR. RESULTS THIRTY EIGHT PERCENT OF SAMPLES WERE COLONIZED WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. AMONG THESE, 26% WERE TOXIN A PRODUCERS. CONCLUSIONS HALF OF THE SAMPLED WORKERS CARRIED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND A QUARTER OF THESE PRODUCED TYPE A ENTEROTOXIN. KEY WORDS STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; ENTEROTOXINS; FOODBORNE DISEASES

BACKGROUND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PRODUCES 11 SEROTYPES OF ENDOTOXINS THAT MAY CAUSE FOOD POISONING. AIM TO DETERMINE THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE A ENTEROTOXIGENIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CARRIAGE AMONG FOOD SERVICE WORKERS IN CHILLAN, CHILE. MATERIAL AND METHODS PHARYNGEAL SWABS WERE OBTAINED FROM 100 FOOD SERVICE WORKERS AND WERE CULTURED IN AGAR PLATES. AFTER IDENTIFYING THE PRESENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, DNA WAS EXTRACTED TO IDENTIFY TYPE A TOXIN BY CONVENTIONAL PCR. RESULTS THIRTY EIGHT PERCENT OF SAMPLES WERE COLONIZED WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. AMONG THESE, 26% WERE TOXIN A PRODUCERS. CONCLUSIONS HALF OF THE SAMPLED WORKERS CARRIED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND A QUARTER OF THESE PRODUCED TYPE A ENTEROTOXIN.

PREGNANCY IS A COMPLEX AND WELL-REGULATED TEMPORAL EVENT IN WHICH SEVERAL STEPS ARE FINELY ORCHESTRATED INCLUDING IMPLANTATION, DECIDUALIZATION, PLACENTATION, AND PARTUM AND ANY TEMPORARY ALTERATION HAS SERIOUS EFFECTS ON FETAL AND MATERNAL HEALTH. INTERESTINGLY, ALTERATIONS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS (I.E., SHIFTWORK) HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION, AND PREECLAMPSIA. IN THE LAST FEW YEARS EVIDENCE IS ACCUMULATING THAT THE PLACENTA MAY HAVE A FUNCTIONAL CIRCADIAN SYSTEM AND EXPRESS THE CLOCK GENES BMAL1, PER1-2, AND CLOCK. ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT THE HUMAN PLACENTA SYNTHESIZES MELATONIN, HORMONE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM IN OTHER TISSUES. MOREOVER, IS UNKNOWN THE ROLE OF THIS LOCAL PRODUCTION OF MELATONIN AND WHETHER THIS PRODUCTION HAVE A CIRCADIAN PATTERN. AVAILABLE INFORMATION INDICATES THAT MELATONIN INDUCES IN PLACENTA THE EXPRESSION OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES CATALASE AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, PREVENTS THE INJURY PRODUCED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND INHIBITS THE EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) A GENE THAT IN OTHER TISSUES IS CONTROLLED BY CLOCK GENES. IN THIS REVIEW WE AIM TO ANALYZE AVAILABLE INFORMATION REGARDING CLOCK GENES AND CLOCK GENES CONTROLLED GENES SUCH AS VEGF AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF MELATONIN SYNTHESIS IN THE PLACENTA.

THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO ASSESS THE CATALYTIC ELECTRODE SURFACE ADSORPTION AND CAPTURE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT METAL CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES IN AQUEOUS PHOSPHATE BUFFER SOLUTION (PH?=?7.3). EARLY, RECENT WORK SHOWED THAT THE RESPONSE OF IRON CHITOSAN COMPLEX WITH R?=?-CH3 ON THE PERIPHERY, OVER BLOOD RED CELLS IN PRESENCE OF SPHINGOMYELINASE C WAS PROTECTED. THE EFFECT OF OTHERS SUBSTITUENT (R?=?-BR, -CL, -F, NO2, -OCH3, -H) ON THE PERIPHERY OF THE SCHIFF BASE LIGAND DID NOT SHOW CORRELATION WITH THE OXIDATION OF SPHINGOMYELINASE C AND ITS BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE. FOR THIS REASON, VARIOUS ADSORBED METAL (M?=?FE OF RECENT WORK, CU, NI AND CO) COMPLEXES OF CHITOSAN AND SCHIFF BASES ON GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE FOR THE OXIDATION OF SPHINGOMYELINASE C WERE INVESTIGATED AND COMPARED, EACH ONE WITH -CH3 GROUP ON THE PERIPHERY OF THE SCHIFF BASE. UV?VIS AND IR-TF SPECTROSCOPIES, ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND MICROSCOPY ASSAY WERE PERFORMED; THEN, THE METAL EFFECT UNDERLYING. FOR THE SCHIFF BASE, COBALT AND COPPER COMPLEXES DID NOT PROVED TO BE A REMARKABLE CELLULAR PROTECTOR IN PRESENCE OF THE ENZYME, BUT THE NICKEL COMPLEX SHOWED TO BE A CELLULAR PROTECTOR AT SHORT TIME, THIS CONCLUSION HELP TO PROPOSAL A REACTION MECHANISM FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES.

WE PROPOSE THE USE OF ALKOXIDE ?-DIKETONATES OF CE(III), ER(III), PR(III) AND YB(III) AS PRECURSORS FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL DEPOSITION OF CEO2:ER AND CEO2:ER/LN (LN = PR OR YB) THIN FILMS, FOLLOWED BY SUBSEQUENT ANNEALING AT 950 °C. THE MEASUREMENTS OF LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES REVEALED THAT CEO2:ER SAMPLES UNDER EXCITATION AT 980 NM EXHIBIT UP-CONVERSION EMISSIONS AT 540 NM AND NEAR INFRARED EMISSIONS CENTERED AT 1550 NM. WHEN CO-DOPING IS PERFORMED ON THE CEO2 FILMS, CEO2:ER/PR REDUCES ITS UP-CONVERSION CHARACTERISTICS AND THE NIR EMISSIONS INCREASE. HOWEVER, THE CEO2:ER/YB SAMPLES SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE UP-CONVERSION PROPERTIES AND INHIBIT NIR EMISSIONS. DIFFERENT MECHANISMS BASED ON ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESSES ARE PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN THESE DIFFERENCES IN THE DEGREE OF INTENSITY OF THESE EMISSIONS.

THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM IS A SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM THAT MODULATES DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS METABOLISM, SLEEP-WAKE, CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, AND BODY TEMPERATURE. DIFFERENT CHRONODISRUPTORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, SUCH AS SHIFT WORK, FEEDING TIME, LONG DAYS, AND STRESS. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND OUR MODERN LIFESTYLE CAN ALTER THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM AND INCREASE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS CANCER, PREECLAMPSIA, DIABETES, AND MOOD DISORDER. THIS SYSTEM IS ORGANIZED BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL/TRANDUCTIONAL FEEDBACK LOOPS OF CLOCK GENES CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1?3, AND CRY1-2. HOW MOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF THE CLOCK ARE ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES AND THEIR RISK RELATION WITH GENETIC COMPONENTS OF POLYMORPHISM OF CLOCK GENES IS UNKNOWN. THIS RESEARCH DESCRIBES DIFFERENT GENETIC VARIATIONS IN THE POPULATION AND HOW THESE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF CANCER, METABOLIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES, OBESITY, AND DYSLIPIDEMIAS, AND ALSO MOOD DISORDERS SUCH AS DEPRESSION, BIPOLAR DISEASE, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE, AND INFERTILITY. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS WILL NEED TO BE IMPLEMENTED AND EVALUATED AT THE LEVEL OF GENETIC INTERACTION AND HOW THE ENVIRONMENT FACTORS TRIGGER THE EXPRESSION OF THESE PATHOLOGIES WILL BE EXAMINED.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ES UNA BACTERIA GRAM POSITIVA PRODUCTORA ENTEROTOXINAS ESTAFILOCÓCICAS, RESPONSABLES A NIVEL MUNDIAL DE BROTES POR INTOXICACIÓN ESTAFILOCÓCICA. DETERMINAR LA GENOTIPIFICACIÓN Y PREVALENCIA DE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENTEROTOXIGÉNICO TIPO B, C, D Y E EN FROTIS NASOFARÍNGEOS DE MANIPULADORES DE ALIMENTOS DE CHILE. ESTE ESTUDIO SE REALIZÓ EN UNA MUESTRA DE 100 MANIPULADORES DE ALIMENTOS DE SERVICIOS DE ALIMENTACIÓN DE CHILLÁN. REALIZANDO EN UNA PRIMERA ETAPA, PREVIA FIRMA DE CONSENTIMIENTO INFORMADO, MUESTREO NASOFARÍNGEO EN LOS LUGARES DE TRABAJO. LAS MUESTRAS SE TRASLADARON A 4°C, PARA LUEGO SER INOCULADAS POR 48 HORAS A 37 °C EN PLACAS AGAR BAIRD PARKER. POSTERIOR A LAS PRUEBAS CONFIRMATIVAS DE CATALASA Y COAGULASA PARA STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, SE REALIZÓ EXTRACCIÓN DE ADN Y POSTERIOR IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR DE ENTEROTOXINA TIPO B, C, D Y E, MEDIANTE LA AMPLIFICACIÓN POR PCR CONVENCIONAL. EL 38% DE LA MUESTRA ESTABA COLONIZADA POR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. DEL TOTAL DE PORTADORES DE LA BACTERIA SE IDENTIFICÓ QUE EL 28,9% PRODUCÍAN LA ENTEROTOXINA TIPO B Y EL 7,9% PRODUCÍAN LA ENTEROTOXINA TIPO E, DE ESTOS UN 2,6% ERA PRODUCTOR DE AMBAS ENTEROTOXINAS. NO SE DETECTÓ PRESENCIA DE LAS ENTEROTOXINAS C Y D.

ALZHEIMER

INTRODUCTION PLACENTAS FROM BOTH EARLY-ONSET (EOPE) AND LATE-ONSET PRE-ECLAMPSIA (LOPE) EXHIBIT SIGNS OF UNDERPERFUSION, WHICH IN TURN, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED ANGIOGENESIS. TYROSINE 951 (Y951) AND Y1175 PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2 (VEGFR2) INDUCED BY VEGF TRIGGERS THE ANGIOGENESIS PROCESS. ENDOTHELIAL MARKERS SUCH AS CD31 AND CD34 HAVE BEEN USED FOR ESTIMATING ANGIOGENIC PROCESSES IN SEVERAL TISSUES, INCLUDING PLACENTA. WE ASKED WHETHER VASCULAR DENSITY IN PLACENTAL VILLI WAS RELATED TO Y951/Y1175 PHOSPHORYLATION OF VEGFR2 IN LOPE OR EOPE. METHODS WE OBTAINED PLACENTAL SAMPLES FROM WOMEN WITH NORMAL PREGNANCIES (N = 22), LOPE (N = 13), EOPE (N = 15) AND PRETERM DELIVERIES (N = 10). SLICES FROM PLACENTAL TISSUE WERE USED FOR CD31 IMMUNOSTAINING. WE ESTIMATED THE EXPRESSION OF CD31, CD34, VEGF, AND VEGFR2 BY WESTERN BLOT AND QUANTITATIVE PCR. Y951 PHOSPHORYLATION OF VEGFR2 WAS ESTIMATED BY WESTERN BLOT, WHEREAS Y1175 PHOSPHORYLATION WAS ANALYZED BY ELISA. RESULTS VESSEL DENSITY IN TERMINAL VILLI AND CD31 AND CD34 PROTEIN ABUNDANCE WERE INCREASED IN LOPE AND EOPE COMPARED TO NORMAL PREGNANCY. HOWEVER, MRNA LEVELS FOR CD31 AND CD34 WERE LOWER IN LOPE THAN IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND VEGF MRNA WAS HIGHER IN EOPE. VEGFR2 PROTEIN CONCENTRATION WAS NOT DIFFERENT AMONG THE STUDIED GROUPS. Y951 AND Y1175 PHOSPHORYLATION OF VEGFR2 WAS HIGHER IN LOPE THAN IN THE NORMOTENSIVE GROUP, BUT ONLY Y951 EXHIBITED GREATER PHOSPHORYLATION IN EOPE COMPARED TO NORMAL PREGNANCY.

THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF LAXOSCELISMS IS BASED SOLELY ON SUPPORTIVE MEASURES. ALTHOUGH EQUINE ANTISERUM FOR SPHINGOMYELINASE C (SMASE) AND D ISOMERS ARE AVAILABLE, IT IS NOT USED DUE TO THE RISK OF AN ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION AND ITS UNPROVEN EFFICACY. AS POTENTIAL ENZYME INHIBITORS, DERIVATIVES OF IRON CHITOSAN COMPLEXES WERE STUDIED (SHIFF BASE HAVING ?R = ?H, ?CL, ?BR, ?F, ?OCH3, ?CH3, ?NO2). THESE CHITOSAN COMPLEXES WERE CHOSEN BECAUSE THEY HAVE REVEALED GOOD RESULTS IN MEDICINE AND CATALYSIS DUE TO THEIR BIODEGRADABLE CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY. BESIDES CONSIDERING THAT THESE COMPLEXES HAVE NOT BEEN STUDIED IN RELATION TO THIS TOXIN. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE CATALYTIC AND CATCHER EFFECTS OF IRON CHITOSAN COMPLEXES WERE STUDIED USING ELECTROCHEMISTRY, UV?VIS SPECTROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPIC ASSAY AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES SHOWED THAT ONE OF SEVEN SCHIFF BASES OF CHITOSAN ADSORBED ON GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE WAS ELECTROCATALYTICALLY ACTIVE FOR THE OXIDATION OF SPHINGOMYELINASE AT 1.27 V, AND THAT ALLOWED PROPOSING A REACTION SCHEME FOR SMASE OXIDATION BY ADSORBED IRON COMPLEXES. ON THE OTHER HAND, EVEN THOUGH THE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES INDICATED THAT THERE WAS NO CHEMICAL BOND FORMATION BETWEEN THE COMPLEX AND SMASE IN SOLUTION, THE MICROSCOPIC STUDIES SHOWED THAT THIS COMPLEX PROVED TO BE A REMARKABLE CELLULAR PROTECTOR IN PRESENCE OF THE ENZYME. IN CONCLUSION, SHIFF BASE OF CHITOSAN WITH R = ?CH3 WAS THE ONLY ACTIVE COMPLEX IN FRONT OF SPHINGOMYELINASE C, PROTECTING RED BLOOD CELLS, ACCORDING TO OUR ELECTROCHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPIC STUDIES.

INHIBITION OF MELATONIN PRODUCTION DURING NIGHT HOURS INCREASES THE IMPAIRMENT OF METABOLISM, ELEVATING THE RISK OF OBESITY, HYPERGLYCEMIA, AND DYSLIPIDEMIA DURING PREGNANCY. FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION HAS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OVER METABOLISM AND THE CIRCADIAN SYSTEM. SEVERAL REPORTS SUGGEST THAT MELATONIN HAS A PROTECTOR ROLE DURING THE PREGNANCY BY THEIR ANTIOXIDANT/CHRONOBIOTIC PROPERTIES, AND FROM THE ABOVE, WE SPECULATES TO MELATONIN CAN BE REVERTING THE CHRONODISRUPTION AND ELEVATION OF MASTER REGULATORS OF LIPID METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN. MEASURE IN THE LIVER OF NEWBORN THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF CLOCK-GENE BMAL-1, HMG-COA REDUCTASE, SREBP AND THE CLOCK-CONTROLLED GENE WEE-1 OF THE NEWBORN FROM MOTHER TREATED WITH FRUCTOSE AND MELATONIN.

INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY-DENSE FOODS SUCH AS FRUCTOSE-RICH SYRUPS REPRESENTS ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT, GROWING CONCERNS RELATED TO THE ALARMING TREND OF OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND METABOLIC DISORDERS WORLDWIDE. METABOLIC PATHWAYS AFFECTED BY FRUCTOSE INVOLVE GENES RELATED TO LIPOGENESIS/LIPOLYSIS, BETA-OXIDATION, MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS, OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PATHWAYS, OR ALTERING OF CIRCADIAN PRODUCTION OF INSULIN AND LEPTIN. MOREOVER, FRUCTOSE CAN BE A RISK FACTOR DURING PREGNANCY ELEVATING THE RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY, HYPERTENSION, AND METABOLIC IMPAIRMENT OF THE MOTHER AND FETUS. MELATONIN IS A CHRONOBIOTIC AND HOMEOSTATIC HORMONE THAT CAN MODULATE THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF FRUCTOSE VIA CLOCK GENE EXPRESSION AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS, MODULATING THE EXPRESSION OF PPAR?, SREBF-1 (SREBP-1), HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE, C/EBP-? GENES, NRF-1, PGC1?, AND UNCOUPLING PROTEIN-1. MOREOVER, THIS HORMONE HAS THE CAPACITY IN THE RAT OF REVERTING THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF FRUCTOSE, INCREASING THE BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT RATIO OF THE LIVER, AND INCREASING THE BODY WEIGHT AND RESTORING THE GLYCEMIA FROM MOTHERS EXPOSED TO FRUCTOSE. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SHOW THE POTENTIAL CROSSTALK BETWEEN FRUCTOSE AND MELATONIN AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE DURING PREGNANCY.

Y2O3 THIN FILMS DOPED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF ERBIUM IONS AND CO-DOPED WITH 10 MOL% OF YTTERBIUM WERE SYNTHESIZED BY A SOLID STATE PHOTOCHEMICAL DEPOSITION METHOD FOLLOWED BY A SUBSEQUENT CALCINATION PROCESS. THE PHOTO-REACTIVITY OF THE THIN FILMS WAS MONITORED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FT-IR) SPECTROSCOPY. XRAY DIFFRACTION (XRD), X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS), SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM), UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTO-LUMINESCENCE (PL) WERE EMPLOYED TO CHARACTERIZE THE SAMPLES. THE RESULTS REVEAL THAT Y2O3:ER FILMS UNDER 980 NM IRRADIATION EXHIBIT CHARACTERISTIC UP-CONVERSION EMISSIONS THAT ARE FOCUSED IN THE GREEN REGION OF THE SPECTRUM; THESE EMISSIONS ARE ASSIGNED TO THE (H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2)) -> I-4(15/2) TRANSITIONS OF THE ER3+ IONS. THESE EMISSIONS GREATLY INCREASE IN INTENSITY WITH THE ADDITION OF YB3+ IONS IN THE PREPARATION OF THE CODOPED FILMS. THIS PHENOMENON IS EXPLAINED BASED ON THE EFFICIENT YB3+ -> ER3+ ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESSES.

IN THIS WORK, NI(II) CARBOXYLATE AND GA(III) ?-DIKETONATE COMPLEXES, WERE STUDIED AS PRECURSORS FOR THE PHOTOCHEMICAL DEPOSITION OF TERNARY METAL OXIDE THIN FILMS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EU(III) DOPING. DILUTED SOLUTIONS OF THESE COMPLEXES WERE MIXED, SPIN-COATED ON SILICON(100) AND IRRADIATED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE WITH A 254 NM UV LIGHT. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE PHOTODEPOSITED FILMS WERE ANNEALED AT 350, 650 AND 950 °C. THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND ANNEALING OF THESE FILMS WAS MONITORED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. THE OBTAINED SAMPLES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION, X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND UV?VIS SPECTROSCOPY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE FORMATION OF SPINEL-TYPE STRUCTURES (NIGA2O4). THE PREPARED PHOSPHORS UNDER UV IRRADIATION REVEALED RED LUMINESCENCE, WHICH WAS ATTRIBUTED TO TRANSITIONS FROM THE 5D0 EXCITED STATE TO THE 7FJ GROUND STATES OF THE EU3 + IONS. THE INTENSITY OF THE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE DECREASES UPON EU DOPING, AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THESE EMISSIONS DEPENDS STRONGLY ON THE SURFACE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE PHOTODEPOSITED FILMS.

HYPERTENSION CAN BE INDUCED BY THE DISRUPTION OF FACTORS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION. THIS INCLUDES SEVERAL SYSTEMS SUCH AS NEUROHUMORAL, RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE, THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK, AND MELATONIN PRODUCTION, WHICH CAN INDUCE ELEVATION AND NON-DIPPING BLOOD PRESSURE. MELATONIN HAS A SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AS A CHRONOBIOTIC AGENT AND MODULATES VASCULAR SYSTEM PROCESSES VIA PRO/ANTIANGIOGENIC FACTORS, INFLAMMATION, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS REGULATION. AN ELEVATION OF MELATONIN PRODUCTION IS OBSERVED DURING PREGNANCY, MODULATING THE PLACENTA AND FETUS S PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. THEIR IMPAIRMENT PRODUCTION CAN INDUCE TEMPORAL DESYNCHRONIZATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, OR INVASION FROM TROPHOBLAST CELLS RESULTS IN VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCIES, ELEVATING THE RISK OF POOR FETAL/PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT. SEVERAL GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR DISEASE AND HYPERTENSION DURING PREGNANCY VIA IMPAIRED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, HYPOXIA, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, SUCH AS CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, AND IMPAIRMENT EXPRESSION IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS/VSMCS OF HIF1? AND ENOS GENES. PATHOLOGICAL PLACENTAS SHOWED DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEG), INCLUDING VASCULAR GENES AS CITED2, VEGF, PL-II, PIGF, SFLT-1, AND SENG, ONCOGENE JUNB, SCAFFOLDING PROTEIN CUL7, GPER1, AND THE PATHWAYS OF SIRT/AMPK AND MAPK/ERK. ADDITIONALLY, WE OBSERVED MODIFICATION OF SUBUNITS OF NADPH OXIDASE AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ELEMENTS, I.E., GLYPICAN AND HEPARANASE AND KCA CHANNEL. MOTHERS WITH A LOW LEVEL OF MELATONIN SHOWED LOW PRODUCTION OF PROANGIOGENIC FACTOR VEGF, INCREASING THE RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA, PREMATURE BIRTH, AND ABORTION. IN CONTRAST, MELATONIN SUPPLEMENTATION CAN REDUCE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE, PREVENT OXIDATIVE STRESS, INDUCE THE ACTIVATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANTS SYSTEM, AND LESSEN PROTEINURIA AND SERUM LEVEL OF SFLT-1. MOREOVER, MELATONIN CAN REPAIR THE ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE FROM PREECLAMPSIA AT THE PLACENTA LEVEL, INCREASING PIGF, NRF-2, HO-1 PRODUCTION AND REDUCIN

THE PHOTOLYSIS OF THE HF(DBM)4, ER(DBM)3 AND TM(DBM)3 COMPLEXES ON SILICON SUBSTRATES RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF PURE HFO2, HFO2/ER, HFO2/TM, AND HFO2/ER/TM FILMS. THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THESE COMPLEX PRECURSORS WAS MONITORED USING UV?VISIBLE AND FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY. UNDER 254-NM LIGHT PHOTOLYSIS, THE LIGANDS WERE DETACHED FROM THE COMPLEXES, LEADING TO THE RELEASE OF METAL IONS. THESE IONS GRADUALLY OXIDIZED AND FORMED THE RESPECTIVE OXIDE. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE RESULTING FILMS WERE CALCINED AT 600 ?C FOR 2 H TO ACHIEVE COM- PLETE OXIDATION AND CRYSTALLINITY. TO CHARACTERIZE SELECTED SAMPLES, X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD), X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS), AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM-EDX) WERE EMPLOYED. NIR LUMINESCENT STUDIES REVEALED THAT WHEN EXCITED AT 980 NM, THE HFO2/ER SAMPLES EXHIBITED EMISSIONS CORRESPONDING TO THE 4I13/2 ? 4I15/2 TRANSITIONS OF THE ER3+ IONS. CONVERSELY, THE HFO2/TM SAMPLES DISPLAYED EMISSIONS ATTRIBUTED TO THE 3H4 ? 3F4 AND 3F4 ? 3H6 TRANSITIONS OF THE TM IONS. IN THE CASE OF HFO2 CO-DOPED WITH