FORCE CURVES BETWEEN A FLAT MICA SUBSTRATE AND A POLYSTYRENE MICROSPHERE WERE MEASURED WITH AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM) IN CAREFULLY DEGASSED WATER AND AQUEOUS NACL, CACL2, AND ALCL3 SOLUTIONS. THE PH OF THE WATER USED DOES NOT CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY WITH DEGASSING TREATMENT, AND ITS VALUE REMAINS CLOSE TO 6. ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION RANGES FROM 10-4 TO 10-2M AND PH FROM 4.7 TO 5.1. WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE REPULSIVE LONG-RANGE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE BETWEEN MICA AND POLYSTYRENE IS ATTENUATED BY THE PRESENCE OF ELECTROLYTES AND COUNTERBALANCED BY A LONG-RANGE ATTRACTIVE FORCE, WHICH WE REFERRED TO AS A HYDROPHOBIC FORCE, WHICH IS LONGER-RANGED THAN THE EVER PRESENT ATTRACTIVE VAN DER WAALS FORCE. THIS FORCE, WHICH INCLUDES THE ADHESIVE BRIDGING OF RESIDUAL AIR BUBBLES AND NEWBORN VAPOR CAVITIES, AND ANY OTHER UNKNOWN FORCES, IS REASONABLY WELL REPRESENTED BY A UNIQUE EXPONENTIAL LAW. PREFACTOR AND DECAYING LENGTH ARE NOT VERY SENSITIVE TO ELECTROLYTE TYPE, CONCENTRATION, AND PH, SUGGESTING THAT ANY NEW FORCE INCLUDED IN THE LAW, IN ADDITION TO ADHESIVE BRIDGES, SHOULD OBEY A NON-CLASSICAL ELECTROSTATIC MECHANISM. HOWEVER, WE ALSO KNOW THAT LIQUID/SOLID CONTACT ANGLE AND LIQUID/VAPOR SURFACE TENSION INCREASE WITH ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION AND VALENCE INCREASING THE STABILITY OF BUBBLES AND CAVITIES WHICH IN TURN INCREASE THE BRIDGING FORCE. CLEARLY, THESE EFFECTS ARE HIDDEN IN THE EMPIRICAL FORCE LAW.

THE EFFECT OF SEAWATER IONS PRESENTS A GREAT CHALLENGE TO THEORIES ABOUT MECHANISMS OF PYRITE OXIDATION, COLLECTOR ADSORPTION, AND SURFACE REACTIONS. AS THE USE OF SEAWATER IS KEY TO THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN REGIONS WITHOUT FRESH WATER, THERE IS A NEED TO STUDY THE SURFACES OF MINERALS AND PRODUCTS THAT ARE FORMED IN THE PRESENCE OF SEAWATER SALTS. IN THIS STUDY, ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM) WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE TOPOGRAPHY OF PYRITE SURFACES SUBJECTED TO TREATMENTS, INCLUDING OXIDATION AND EXPOSURE TO XANTHATE AND SOLUTIONS OF SEAWATER SALTS AND XANTHATE, AT PH 8.5. TOPOGRAPHIC DETAILS WERE RELATED TO SURFACE PRODUCTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT XANTHATE WAS ADSORBED WITHOUT HINDRANCE ON OXIDE-FREE PYRITE WHICH VALIDATED ONE WELL-KNOWN MODEL. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOWED THAT PYRITE OXIDIZED FORMING A STRUCTURE OF INTERCONNECTED PILLARS AND THAT XANTHATE WAS ADSORBED ON THE TOP AND SKIRT OF THESE PILLARS; THE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON THE INCREASE IN THE HEIGHT AND WIDTH OF THESE PILLARS VALIDATED ANOTHER WELL-KNOWN MODEL. IN THE PRESENCE OF SEAWATER SALTS, THE CATIONS COVERED THE SURFACE OF THE PYRITE, SUPPRESSING COLLECTOR ADSORPTION REGARDLESS OF THE DOSE. THE RESULTS ARE EXPECTED TO HELP IN DECISIONS ABOUT THE FLOTATION OF SULFIDE MINERALS IN WATER WITH LIMITED METALLURGICAL QUALITY

POWDERED INFANT FORMULAS (PIF) ARE THE MOST USED DIETARY SUBSTITUTES THAT ARE USED IN ORDER TO SUPPLEMENT BREASTFEEDING. HOWEVER, PIF ARE NOT STERILE AND CAN BE CONTAMINATED WITH DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO GENOMICALLY CHARACTERIZE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (ENT) AND ENTEROCOCCUS STRAINS THAT WERE ISOLATED FROM PIF. STRAINS WERE IDENTIFIED BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION?TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (MALDI-TOF MS) AND WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING (WGS). GENOMIC TYPING, DETECTION OF VIRULENCE, AND RESISTANCE PROFILES AND GENES WERE PERFORMED WITH THE RIDOM SEQSPHERE+ SOFTWARE; THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE DATABASE (CARD) PLATFORM; RESFINDER AND PLASMIDFINDER TOOLS; AND BY THE DISK DIFFUSION METHOD. NINETEEN ISOLATES FROM PIF WERE ANALYZED, INCLUDING ENT SUCH AS KOSAKONIA COWANII, ENTEROBACTER HORMAECHEI, FRANCONIBACTER HELVETICUS, MIXTA CALIDA, AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SUCH AS ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM. THE STRAINS EXHIBITED RESISTANCE TO BETA-LACTAMS, CEPHALOSPORINS, AND MACROLIDES. RESISTANCE GENES SUCH AS ACRAB-TOLC, MARA, MSBA, KNPEF, OQXAB, FOSA, BLAACT-7, BLAACT-14, QACJ, OQXAB, AAC(6?)-II, AND MSR(C); AND VIRULENCE GENES SUCH AS ASTA, CHEB, CHER, OMPA OMPX, TERC, IRONA, ACM, AND EFAAFM, ADEM WERE ALSO DETECTED. ALL THE ANALYZED STRAINS POSSESSED GENES THAT PRODUCED HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS, SUCH AS IBPA AND CLPL. IN PIF, THE PRESENCE OF ENT AND ENTEROCOCCUS THAT ARE MULTIRESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS TOGETHER WITH RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE GENES POSE A HEALTH RISK FOR INFANTS CONSUM- ING THESE FOOD PRODUCTS.

MAQUI-BERRY (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS) IS THE EMERGING CHILEAN SUPERFRUIT WITH HIGH NUTRACEUTICAL VALUE. UNTIL NOW, THE RESEARCH ON THIS COMMODITY WAS FOCUSED ON THE FORMULATIONS ENRICHED WITH POLYPHENOLS FROM THE PULP. HEREIN, CONTENTS OF TOCOLS WERE COMPARED IN THE SEED OIL OF MAQUI-BERRY OBTAINED THROUGH THREE DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS FOLLOWED BY DETERMINING THEIR ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ENZYME INHIBITIONS IN-VITRO. FIRSTLY, OILSEED WAS EXTRACTED WITH N-HEXANE (SOXHLET METHOD), CHLOROFORM/METHANOL/WATER (BLIGH AND DYER METHOD) AND PRESSING (INDUSTRIAL). THESE SAMPLES WERE USED TO ACCESS THEIR EFFECTS AGAINST DPPH, HORAC, ORAC, FRAP, LIPID-PEROXIDATION (TBARS), ?-AMYLASE, ?-GLUCOSIDASE, AND PANCREATIC LIPASE. ALL THE ISOMERS OF TOCOPHEROL AND TOCOTRIENOL WERE IDENTIFIED, AND ?-SITOSTEROL WAS THE ONLY STEROL FOUND IN HIGHER AMOUNTS THAN OTHER VEGETABLE OILS. THE BLIGH AND DYER METHOD COULD LEAD TO THE HIGHEST ANTIOXIDATIVE CAPACITY COMPARED TO SOXHLET AND PRESS METHODS LIKELY BECAUSE THE LATTER HAVE A HIGHER AMOUNT OF TOCOPHEROLS. FURTHER, SEED OIL FROM MAQUI BERRY AND THEIR TOCOLS (?, ?, ?, ?-TOCOPHEROLS, TOCOTRIENOLS, AND ?-SITOSTEROL) WARRANT CLINICAL INVESTIGATION FOR THEIR ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIOBESITY POTENTIAL. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE RELEVANT AND SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING OF MAQUI-BERRY.

MICROSCOPIC VISUALIZATION, ESPECIALLY IN TRANSPARENT MICRO MODELS, CAN PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION TO UNDERSTAND THE TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AT PORE SCALE IN DIFFERENT PROCESS OCCURRING IN POROUS MATERIALS (FOOD, TIMBER, SOILS, ETC.). MICRO MODELS STUDIES FOCUS MAINLY ON THE OBSERVATION OF MULTI-PHASE FLOW, WHICH PRESENTS A GREATER PROXIMITY TO REALITY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF FLEXOGRAPHY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE MANUFACTURE OF POLYESTER RESIN TRANSPARENT MICRO MODELS AND ITS APPLICATION TO CARROTS. MATERIALS USED TO IMPLEMENT A FLEXO STATION FOR MICRO MODELS CONSTRUCTION WERE THERMO REGULATED WATER BATH, EXPOSURE CHAMBER TO UV LIGHT, PHOTOSENSITIVE SUBSTANCE (PHOTOPOLYMER), RTV SILICONE POLYESTER RESIN, AND GLASS PLATES. IN THIS PAPER, DATA ON SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A PARTICULAR KIND OF CARROT WE USED, AND A TRANSPARENT MICRO MODEL WITH SQUARE CROSS-SECTION AS WELL AS A LOG-NORMAL PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION WITH PORE RADII RANGING FROM 10 TO 110 ?M (AVERAGE OF 22 ?M AND MICRO MODEL SIZE OF 10 × 10 CM) WERE BUILT. FINALLY, IT STRESSES THAT IT HAS SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED THE PROTOCOL PROCESSING 2D POLYESTER RESIN TRANSPARENT MICRO MODELS.

BYPRODUCTS DERIVED FROM THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY AND FOOD PROCESSING, SUCH AS SEEDS AND SKIN OR HUSKS, HAVE BECOME IMPORTANT DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND THEIR VALUE-ADDED POTENTIAL. MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS (MOL.) STUNTZ) IS A NATIVE CHILEAN WILD TREE THAT HAS SEVERAL BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES DUE TO ITS HIGH CONTENT OF ANTHOCYANINS, ANTHOCYANIDINS, PHENOLIC ACIDS, TANNINS, AND FIBER. THE PRESENT STUDY INVOLVED FLOUR DERIVED FROM MAQUI BYPRODUCTS (SEEDS AND SKIN) TO PRODUCE COOKIES WITH A HIGHER CONTENT OF NUTRIENTS, DIETARY FIBER, AND ANTIOXIDANTS. MAQUI BAGASSE WAS CONVERTED INTO FLOUR AND MIXED WITH WHEAT FLOUR TO PREPARE THE COOKIES. THE CONTROL CONSISTED OF WHEAT FLOUR COOKIES WITH NO ADDED MAQUI FLOUR. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE COOKIES WITH THE ADDED MAQUI FLOUR WERE PREFERRED MORE THAN THE CONTROL AND HAD A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF FIBER. COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL, THE AMOUNT OF ANTHOCYANINS INCREASED 3.5 TIMES, AND THE AMOUNT OF ANTIOXIDANTS, MEASURED VIA THE DPPH (2,2? -DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL RADICAL) ASSAY, INCREASED PPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THE INCORPORATION OF MAQUI BYPRODUCTS, IN THE FORM OF MAQUI FLOUR, INTO THE COOKIE FORMULATION IS AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO ADD NUTRITIONAL VALUE TO COOKIES BY INCREASING DIETARY FIBER, TOTAL POLYPHENOLS, AND TOTAL ANTHOCYANINS.

BREAST MILK AND POWDERED MILK ARE THE PRIMARY FOOD FOR CHILDREN. HOWEVER, THEY ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CONTAMINATION BY MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS CRONOBACTER SPP. CRONOBACTER SPP. HAS BEEN A CONCERN FOR HEALTH AUTHORITIES BECAUSE OF ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SEVERE NEONATAL INFECTIONS AND POWDERED INFANT FORMULA CONSUMPTION. AS A RESULT, THE MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR THE HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR POWDERED FORMULAE FOR INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN WERE IMPROVED BY THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION AND REVISED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS INFORMATION PUBLISHED ON THE GENUS CRONOBACTER SPP., ITS PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT, ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS, AND VIRULENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE.

THE EFFECT OF FOUR COOKING METHODS WAS EVALUATED FOR PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, FATTY ACID, CALCIUM, IRON, AND ZINC CONTENT IN SALMON AND CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL. THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF STEAMED SALMON DECREASED (64.94%) COMPARED TO THE CONTROL (68.05%); A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE WAS OBSERVED IN CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL IN ALL THE TREATMENTS WHEN COMPARED TO THE CONTROL (75.37%). PROTEIN CONTENT IN BOTH SALMON AND CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED UNDER THE DIFFERENT TREATMENTS WHILE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN LIPIDS WAS FOUND IN OVEN COOKING AND CANNING FOR SALMON AND MICROWAVING FOR CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL. ASH CONCENTRATION IN BOTH SALMON AND CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL DID NOT REVEAL ANY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. IRON AND CALCIUM CONTENT ONLY HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN STEAMING WHILE ZINC DID NOT UNDERGO ANY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE DIFFERENT TREATMENTS. FINALLY, NO DRASTIC CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN THE FATTY ACID PROFILE IN BOTH SALMON AND CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL.

THE NET INTERACTION BETWEEN A PROBE TIP COATED WITH BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) PROTEIN AND A FLAT SUBSTRATE COATED WITH POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) (PEO) POLYMER WAS MEASURED DIRECTLY ON APPROACH IN WATER AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS USING AFM. THE APPROACH FORCE CURVE BETWEEN THE TWO SURFACES WAS MONOTONICALLY REPULSIVE IN WATER AND IN ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS. AT PH ~5, SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE ISOELECTRIC POINT (PI) OF BSA, AND AT LARGE DISTANCES, THE FORCE WAS DOMINATED BY ELECTROSTATIC REPULSION BETWEEN THE OXYGEN ATOMS OF THE INCOMING PROTEIN WITH THOSE BELONGING TO THE ETHER GROUPS OF PEO. SUCH REPULSIVE FORCE AND RANGE DECREASED IN NACL. UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, PH 6, BSA IS DEFINITELY CHARGED AND THE ELECTROSTATIC REPULSION WITH ETHER GROUPS IN PEO APPEARS AT LARGER SEPARATION DISTANCES. INTERESTINGLY, AT PH 4, BELOW THE PI OF BSA, THE REPULSION DECREASED BECAUSE OF AN ATTRACTIVE, ALTHOUGH WEAK, ELECTROSTATIC FORCE THAT APPEARED BETWEEN THE ETHER GROUPS IN PEO AND THE POSITIVELY CHARGED AMINO GROUPS OF BSA. HOWEVER, FOR ALL SOLUTION CONDITIONS, ONCE COMPRESSION OF PEO BEGUN, THE NET REPULSION WAS ALWAYS DOMINATED BY SHORT-RANGE POLYMERIC STERIC REPULSION AND REPULSIVE ENTHALPY PENALTIES FOR BREAKING PEO-WATER BONDS. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT PEO IN MUSHROOM CONFORMATION MAY ALSO BE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING BIOFOULING.

THE EFFECTIVE EXTRACTION OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS FROM COCOA BEAN SHELLS USING DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION OF THIS WASTE MATERIAL. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO: (1) ANALYZE THE EXTRACTION KINETICS OF POLYPHENOLS RELEASED FROM COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) BEAN SHELLS (CBS) BY THE SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION METHOD USING CHOLINE CHLORIDE-BASED DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS (CHCL-DES) AND THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS; (2) INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE-BASED DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS (CHCL-DES) AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ON IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND THE MAIN INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS OF THE EXTRACTS. CHCL-DES WERE PREPARED WITH LACTIC ACID, GLYCEROL, AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL IN A 1:2 RATIO. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (30%, 40%, AND 50% WATER) TO OBTAIN SOLVENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES WERE PERFORMED. THE TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT (TPC) WAS DETERMINED BY THE FOLIN-CIOCALTEU METHOD. THE SOLUTION OF FICK?S LAW MODEL FOR PLATE GEOMETRY PARTICLES WAS APPLIED TO FIT THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITY COEFFICIENT (DE). THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THE EXTRACTS WAS ANALYZED BY A COMBINATION OF 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-(2,4,6-TRINITROPHENYL) HYDRAZYL (DPPH) FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING CAPACITY AND FERRIC-REDUCING ANTIOXIDANT POWER (FRAP) ASSAYS. THE MAIN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS WERE QUANTIFIED BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE TYPE OF HYDROGEN BOND DONOR INFLUENCES THE TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND THE MAIN INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS IN THE EXTRACTS. MOREOVER, THE WASHING/DIFFUSION MECHANISM ADEQUATELY DEPICTS THE EXTRACTION KINETICS DATA FOR TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT. HOWEVER, THE INFLUENCE OF AN ADDITIONAL MECHANISM THAT ENHANCED THE EXTRACTION CAPACITY OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS COMPARED WITH ORGANIC SOLVENT WAS CONFIRMED

SOLUBILITY AND EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES ARE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS. HOWEVER, MANY PLANT PROTEINS HAVE LOWER TECHNO-FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES, WHICH LIMIT THEIR FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN MANY FORMULATIONS. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS BY COMMERCIAL ENZYMES TO IMPROVE THEIR SOLUBILITY AND EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES. LUPIN PROTEIN ISOLATE (LPI) WAS HYDROLYZED BY 7 COMMERCIAL PROTEASES USING DIFFERENT E/S RATIOS AND HYDROLYSIS TIMES WHILE THE SOLUBILITY AND EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES WERE EVALUATED. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT NEUTRAL AND ALKALINE PROTEASES ARE MOST EFFICIENT IN HYDROLYZING LUPIN PROTEINS THAN ACIDIC PROTEASES. AMONG THE PROTEASES, PROTAMEX® (ALKALINE PROTEASE) SHOWED THE HIGHEST DH VALUES AFTER 5 H OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS. MEANWHILE, PROTEIN SOLUBILITY OF LPI HYDROLYSATES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER (P < 0.05) THAN UNTREATED LPI AT ALL PH ANALYZED VALUES. MOREOVER, THE EMULSIFYING CAPACITY (EC) OF UNDIGESTED LPI WAS LOWER THAN MOST OF THE HYDROLYSATES, EXCEPT FOR ACIDIC PROTEASES, WHILE EMULSIFYING STABILITY (ES) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER (P < 0.05) THAN MOST LPI HYDROLYSATES BY ACIDIC PROTEASES, EXCEPT FOR LPI HYDROLYZED WITH ACID STABLE PROTEASE WITH AN E/S RATIO OF 0.04. IN CONCLUSION, THE SOLUBILITY, AND EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES OF LUPIN (LUPINUS LUTEUS) PROTEINS CAN BE IMPROVED BY ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS USING COMMERCIAL ENZYMES.

ALTHOUGH THERMAL TREATMENTS ARE BENEFICIAL FOR THE PRESERVATION AND SAFETY OF MILK, THEY CAN ALSO ALTER ITS IMMUNOGENIC ACTIVITY BY AFFECTING ITS PROTEIN COMPONENTS. TO ACHIEVE PRECISE RESULTS, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC PROTEINS THAT CAUSE FOOD ALLERGIES. THEREFORE, INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBLE ALTERATIONS OF COW?S MILK PROTEINS (CMPS) RESULTING FROM THERMAL TREATMENTS IS NECESSARY. IN THIS STUDY, THE FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF UHT THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE SECONDARY STRUCTURES OF MILK CASEIN. USING THE SECOND DERIVATIVE, SIX CHARACTERISTIC PEAKS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE AMIDE I REGION, RANGING FROM 1700 TO 1600?CM?1. IT WAS FOUND THAT THERMAL TREATMENTS PRODUCE SHIFTS IN ABSORPTION PEAKS, INDICATING CHANGES IN PROTEIN CONFORMATION AND POSSIBLY IN ALLERGENIC ACTIVITY. THESE SHIFTS WERE CLEARLY IDENTIFIED IN THE FIRST CHARACTERISTIC PEAK OF SAMPLES M8 AND M9, FROM 1621 TO 1600?CM?1. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THERMAL TREATMENTS MAY PROMOTE PROTEIN AGGREGATION BY INCREASING ? TURNS AND REDUCING ? SHEETS AND ? HELICES, WHICH COULD ENHANCE THE ALLERGENIC POTENTIAL OF THE PROTEINS AND FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF COMPLEXES BETWEEN DIFFERENT MILK PROTEINS, SUCH AS ?-LACTOGLOBULIN AND ?-CASEIN. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO EXPERIMENTALLY VALIDATE THE ALLERGENIC ACTIVITY OF PROTEINS MODIFIED BY THERMAL TREATMENTS, AS ONLY AN ANALYTICAL METHOD (FTIR) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE SECONDARY STRUCTURES OF THE PROTEINS.

PROTEIN HAZE DEVELOPMENT IN BOTTLED WHITE WINES IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE SLOW DENATURATION OF UNSTABLE PROTEINS, WHICH RESULTS IN THEIR AGGREGATION AND FLOCCULATION. THESE PROTEIN FRACTIONS CAN BE REMOVED BY USING BENTONITE; HOWEVER, A DISADVANTAGE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ITS COST. THE EFFECTS OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (HHP) ON WINE STABILITY WERE STUDIED. FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ANALYSE THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN, THERMAL STABILITY WAS EVALUATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY, WHILE A HEAT TEST WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE WINE PROTEIN THERMAL STABILITY. THE RESULTS CONFIRMED THAT HIGH PRESSURE TREATMENTS MODIFIED THE ?-HELICAL AND ?-SHEET STRUCTURES OF WINE PROTEINS. THROUGHOUT THE 60 DAYS STORAGE PERIOD THE ?-HELIX STRUCTURE IN HHP SAMPLES DECREASED. STRUCTURAL CHANGES BY HHP (450 MPA FOR 3 AND 5 MIN) IMPROVE THERMAL STABILITY OF WINE PROTEINS AND THUS DELAY HAZE FORMATION IN WINE DURING STORAGE.

POWDERED MILK FORMULAS (PIF) ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED FOOD SUBSTITUTES TO SUPPLEMENT BREASTFEEDING. THE PIF PRODUCTS ARE NOT STERILE AND CAN BE CONTAMINATED WITH VARIOUS MICROORGANISMS, ESPECIALLY SEVERAL SPECIES OF THE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FAMILY. CRONOBACTER SPP. AND SALMONELLA ARE THE GENERA MOST FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED TO CASES AND OUTBREAKS OF FOODBORNE DISEASES. MOREOVER, PATHOGENIC ENTEROBACTERIACEAE ARE FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN PIF; THESE CAN CAUSE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS THAT COULD BECOME A HEALTH PROBLEM FOR INFANTS WHOSE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS STILL DEVELOPING.

THE PRESENT PAPER EXPLORES THE BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN WINE INDUSTRY WASTES, HIGHLIGHTING THEIR VALORIZATION TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY. WINE BY-PRODUCTS, SUCH AS GRAPE POMACE AND VINE SHOOTS, CONTAIN A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF POLYPHENOLS, FLAVONOIDS, ANTHOCYANINS AND OTHER PHYTOCHEMICALS WITH ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTICARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES. BOTH CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION METHODS, SUCH AS SOLID?LIQUID EXTRACTION, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, INCLUDING ENZYME-ASSISTED EXTRACTION, ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION, SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION, MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION, PRESSURIZED LIQUID EXTRACTION, HIGH-HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE EXTRACTION, AND DEEP NATURAL SOLVENT-ASSISTED EXTRACTION (NADES), ARE DISCUSSED. IN ADDITION, THE PRESERVATION OF POLYPHENOLIC EXTRACTS BY MICROENCAPSULATION, A KEY TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE THE STABILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, IS ADDRESSED. THE COMBINATION OF ADVANCED EXTRACTION METHODS AND INNOVATIVE PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES OFFERS A PROMISING PERSPECTIVE FOR THE VALORIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM WINE RESIDUES, DRIVING SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATION IN THE INDUSTRY.

THIS STUDY CHARACTERIZED FIVE CRONOBACTER SPP. AND SIX SALMONELLA SPP. STRAINS THAT HAD BEEN ISOLATED FROM 155 SAMPLES OF POWDERED INFANT FORMULA (PIF) SOLD IN CHILE AND MANUFACTURED IN CHILE AND MEXICO IN 2018?2020. TWO STRAINS OF CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII SEQUENCE TYPE (ST) ST1 AND ST31 (SEROTYPES O:1 AND O:2) AND ONE STRAIN OF CRONOBACTER MALONATICUS ST60 (O:1) WERE IDENTIFIED. ALL SALMONELLA STRAINS WERE IDENTIFIED AS SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ST19 (SEROTYPE O:4) BY AVERAGE NUCLEOTIDE IDENTITY, RIBOSOMAL MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING (RMLST), AND CORE GENOME MLST (CGMLST). THE C. SAKAZAKII AND C. MALONATICUS ISOLATES WERE RESISTANT TO CEPHALOTHIN, WHEREAS THE SALMONELLA ISOLATES WERE RESISTANT TO OXACILLIN AND AMPICILLIN. NINETEEN ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES WERE DETECTED IN THE C. SAKAZAKII AND C. MALONATICUS ISOLATES; THE MOST PREVALENT WERE MCR-9.1, BLACSA, AND BLACMA. IN SALMONELLA, 30 GENES ENCODING FOR AMINOGLYCOSIDE AND CEPHALOSPORIN RESISTANCE WERE IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING AAC(6?)-IAA, ?-LACTAMASES AMPH, AMPC1, AND MARA. IN THE CRONOBACTER ISOLATES, 32 VIRULENCE-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE DETECTED BY WGS AND CLUSTERED AS FLAGELLAR PROTEINS, OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS, CHEMOTAXIS, HEMOLYSINS, INVASION, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR, COLONIZATION, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR, SURVIVAL IN MACROPHAGES, USE OF SIALIC ACID, AND TOXIN-ANTITOXIN GENES. IN THE SALMONELLA STRAINS, 120 VIRULENCE ASSOCIATED GENES WERE DETECTED, ADHERENCE, MAGNESIUM UPTAKE, RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES, SECRETION SYSTEM, STRESS PROTEIN, TOXIN, RESISTANCE TO COMPLEMENT KILLING, AND EIGHT PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS. THE C. SAKAZAKII AND C. MALONATICUS STRAINS HARBORED I-E AND I-F CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS AND CARRIED COL(PHHAD28) AND INCFIB(PCTU1) PLASMIDS, RESPECTIVELY. THE SALMONELLA STRAINS HARBORED TYPE I-E CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS AND CARRIED INCFII(S) PLASMIDS. THE PRESENCE OF C. SAKAZAKII AND SALMONELLA IN PIF IS A HEALTH RISK FOR INFANTS AGED LESS THAN 6 MONTHS. FOR THIS REASON, SANITARY PRACTICES SHOULD BE REINFORCED

AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY METHOD FOR THE RELEASE OF COCOA BEAN SHELL (CBS) EXTRACTS IS PROPOSED IN THIS PAPER. THIS WORK AIMS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD (PEF) PRE-TREATMENT ON SUBSEQUENT SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION (SLE) OF METABOLITES WITH CHOLINE CHLORIDE-LACTIC ACID NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT (NADES) AND BIOACTIVITY OF COCOA BEAN SHELL (CBS) EXTRACT. TWO DIFFERENT MEDIA FOR PEF APPLICATION WERE EVALUATED: WATER AND CHLORINE CHLORIDE-LACTIC ACID. TOTAL POLYPHENOLS (TPC), TOTAL FLAVONOIDS (TFC), INDIVIDUAL MAJOR COMPOUNDS, AND ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CBS EXTRACTS WERE ASSESSED. THE PERFORMANCE OF PEF-ASSISTED EXTRACTION WAS COMPARED WITH SLE AND ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION (UAE). THE PROPOSED METHOD IMPROVED THE RELEASE OF TPC UP TO 45% AND TFC UP TO 48% COMPARED WITH THE CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION. THE CBS EXTRACT SHOWED MEDIUM GROWTH INHIBITION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND HIGH GROWTH INHIBITION OF SALMONELLA SP, LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES, AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. THUS, AN EXTRACT WITH ENHANCED ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES WAS OBTAINED.

CRONOBACTER IS A BACTERIAL GENUS THAT INCLUDES SEVEN SPECIES, AND THE SPECIES CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII IS MOST RELATED TO MENINGITIS AND SEPTICEMIA IN INFANTS ASSOCIATED WITH POWDERED INFANT FORMULA (PIF). THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE TO EVALUATE THE PRESENCE OF C. SAKAZAKII AND TO DETERMINE THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF PIF FOR INFANT CONSUMPTION. TO DO THIS, A TOTAL OF 128 PIF SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED IN FOUR BRANDS AND COUNTRIES (CHILE, MEXICO, HOLLAND, AND BRAZIL), CONSIDERING THREE TYPES OF PIF: PREMATURE (PIF1), INFANT (PIF2), AND FOLLOW-UP (PIF3). AEROBIC PLATE COUNTS (APC) AND ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (ENT) WERE ASSESSED IN ACCORDANCE WITH CHILEAN OFFICIAL STANDARDS. THE OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN A (OMPA) GENE WAS AMPLIFIED TO DETECT CRONOBACTER SPP. AND THE FUSA GENE WAS AMPLIFIED TO IDENTIFY C. SAKAZAKII BY USING THE PUBMLST WEB SITE AND BLAST (NCBI). THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE WAS PERFORMED ACCORDING TO THE CLINICAL AND LABORATORY STANDARDS INSTITUTE STANDARDS. THE PATHOGEN WAS QUANTIFIED BY THE MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT APC MEDIAN VALUES FOR PIF1, PIF2, AND PIF3 WERE 3.2, 4.9, AND 4.8 LOG CFU G-1, RESPECTIVELY. THE APC WERE HIGHER IN PIF2 (P < 0.01) FROM HOLLAND (P < 0.01) IN THE COMMERCIAL BRAND 4 (P < 0.01). THE ENT MEDIAN VALUES IN PIF1, PIF2, AND PIF3 WERE 1.8, 1.5, AND 1.7 LOG CFU G-1, RESPECTIVELY. FIVE STRAINS OF C. SAKAZAKII AND ONE STRAIN OF CRONOBACTER MALONATICUS WERE IDENTIFIED AS HAVING VALUES BETWEEN 0.023 AND 2.3 MPN/G. ALL STRAINS (100%) HARBORED THE OMPA, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (CPA), AND HEMOLYSIN (HLY) VIRULENCE GENES. TO CONCLUDE, C. SAKAZAKII WAS FOUND IN FOUR PIF SAMPLES FROM FOUR CHILEAN PRODUCTS AND ONE FROM MEXICO, WHICH IS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT AMERICA. C. SAKAZAKII STRAINS EXHIBIT VIRULENCE FACTORS AND RESISTANCE TO AMPICILLIN, THUS POSING A RISK WHEN PIFS ARE CONSUMED BY INFANTS.

PROTEIN ADSORPTION IS INFLUENCED BY MANY FACTORS SUCH AS TEMPERATURE, PH, PROTEIN SIZE AND STRUCTURE, OR SURFACE ENERGY AND ROUGHNESS, AMONG OTHERS. SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS (SAMS) AND THE LANGMUIR-BLODGETT (LB) TECHNIQUE ARE TWO OF THE TECHNIQUES MORE USED TO PRODUCES ULTRATHIN FILMS OF PROTEINS ON SURFACES. IN THIS WORK, WE ESTABLISHED PROTOCOLS FOR THE PREPARATION OF NANOCOATINGS OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) PROTEIN ON GLASS SURFACE USING SAMS AND LB. FURTHERMORE, WE DETERMINED HOW SMALL CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND PH CAN AFFECT THE COVERING WHEN SAMS ARE USED. USING A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT ANALYSES, SUCH AS RELATIVE ROUGHNESS, DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLES, AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM), IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH CONDITIONS TO OBTAIN A UNIFORM NANOCOATING USING SAMS. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE NANOCOATING PERFORMED USING THE LB TECHNIQUE WERE VERY SIMILAR TO THOSE OBTAINED USING SAMS. THE DERJAGUIN?LANDAU?VERWEY?OVERBEEK (DLVO) THEORY IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE AFM IMAGES SHOWED THAT ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN THE SELF-ASSEMBLY PROCESS, BUT A PROCESS DOMINATED SOLELY BY ATTRACTION IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO ACHIEVE A GOOD SAM NANOCOATING, SINCE IT DOES NOT ALLOW PROPER ORIENTATION AND PACKAGING OF BSA MOLECULES ON THE GLASS SURFACE.