THIS PAPER EVALUATES THE IMPACT THAT THE NOTION OF PRIMORDIAL PHENOMENON OR PROTOPHENOMENON (ORIGINALLY COINED BY THE GERMAN POET AND SCIENTIST JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE) HAS WHEN APPLIED TO THE FIELD OF ARCHITECTURE. ITS CHIEF OBJECTIVE IS TO ESTABLISH THE NECESSARY DISTINCTIONS THAT HELP TO IDENTIFY, AMONG ALL OBJECTS THAT POPULATE THE WORLD OF PERCEPTION, THE ARCHITECT?S OWN OBJECT OF STUDY. IT FIRSTS PUTS INTO CONTEXT THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF GOETHE?S PHENOMENOLOGY WITHIN THOSE OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF HUSSERLIAN LINEAGE, THUS EVIDENCING THE RELEVANCE THAT THE FORMER HAS FOR ALL FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE. IT THEN PROCEEDS TO ESTABLISH A DISTINCTION BETWEEN ARCHITECTONIC PHENOMENON AND ARCHITECTONIC PROTOPHENOMENON, DISCUSSES THE PARADOXES DERIVED FROM THE STUDY OF THE FORMER AND POSTULATES THE LATTER AS THE ORIGINAL SOURCE OF ARCHITECTURALKNOWLEDGE. FINALLY, IT PROPOSES A GENERIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE ARCHITECTONIC PROTOPHENOMENON.

THIS IS THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE XVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE, EGA 2016, HELD IN ALCALÁ DE HENARES, SPAIN, IN JUNE 2016. ABOUT 200 PROFESSIONALS AND RESEARCHERS FROM 18 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ATTENDED THE CONGRESS. THIS BOOK WILL BE OF INTEREST TO RESEARCHERS IN THE FIELD OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING. TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE INNOVATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE, GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY AND HERITAGE AMONG OTHERS.

PURPOSEDISASTER RISK REDUCTION IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH, WHERE SEVERAL FORMS OF VULNERABILITY COEXIST. POLICY AND OFFICIAL PROGRAMMES, HOWEVER, RARELY RESPOND TO THE NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF CITIZENS AND LOCAL LEADERS LIVING IN THESE SETTLEMENTS. EVEN THOUGH THESE AGENTS CONSTANTLY ATTEMPT TO REDUCE RISKS IN THEIR OWN WAY, WE KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT THEIR ACTIVITIES, MOTIVATIONS AND EFFECTIVE IMPACT ON RISK REDUCTION. HERE WE SEEK TO CONCEPTUALIZE BOTTOM-UP INITIATIVES TO BETTER GRASP THEIR ORIGINS, LIMITATIONS AND SUCCESS.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACHTHROUGH A FOUR-YEAR ACTION-RESEARCH PROJECT IN COLOMBIA, CUBA AND CHILE, WE THEORIZE ABOUT THE PRODUCTION OF CHANGE BY LOCAL AGENTS. THROUGH DETAILED CASE STUDIES WE EXPLORED THE ACTIVISM OF 17 LOCAL LEADERS. THROUGH NARRATIVE ANALYSIS WE STUDIED THEIR MOTIVATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. FINALLY, BY DOCUMENTING 22 INITIATIVES, WE REVEALED EFFECTIVE CHANGES IN SPACE.FINDINGSIN THE FACE OF RISK AND DISASTERS, RESIDENTS AND LEADERS IN INFORMAL SETTINGS ENGAGED IN SYMBOLIC, PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL SPACES OF INTERACTION. THEIR ACTIONS WERE GUIDED BY TRUST, EMOTIONS, TIME CYCLES AND ACTIVISM. LOCAL AGENCY WAS JUSTIFIED BY NARRATIVES ABOUT RISK AND CLIMATE CHANGE THAT DIFFER FROM THOSE OF AUTHORITIES AND SCHOLARS.RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONSTHERE IS STILL LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF BOTTOM-UP INITIATIVES IN INFORMAL SETTINGS. IT IS CRUCIAL TO CONCEPTUALIZE THEIR ORIGINS, LIMITATIONS AND SUCCESS. THE FOCUS ON THREE SPECIFIC COUNTRIES NECESSITATES FURTHER RESEARCH FOR BROADER APPLICABILITY AND UNDERSTANDING.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONSA BETTER COMPREHENSION OF BOTTOM-UP ACTIONS IS CRUCIAL FOR INFORMING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES AIMED AT REDUCING RISK IN INFORMAL SETTINGS. STAKEHOLDERS MUST RECOGNIZE THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ROLES OF THESE ACTIONS FOR MORE IMPACTFUL CLIMATE ACTION.

WE ARGUE THAT THE TRADITIONAL PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT IS COMMONLY TAKEN FOR GRANTED AND THAT LITTLE CONSIDERATION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO HOW THIS AFFECTS PUPIL?TEACHER INTERACTIONS. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS EVIDENCE THAT CERTAIN PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS DO NOT ALLOW EQUAL VISUAL INTERACTION AND, AS A RESULT, WE DERIVE A SET OF BASIC GUIDING PRINCIPLES THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF CLASSROOM DESIGN. DISCUSSIONS ABOUT RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN OF CLASSROOM SPACES AND THE METHODS TO EVALUATE THEM ARTICULATE THE RATIONALE FOR THIS STUDY. WE SEEK TO ACCOMPLISH THIS BY FOCUSING ON TWO FUNDAMENTAL VARIABLES OF THE FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION PROCESS: VISUAL AND DISTANCE. THEY ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF FOUR CLASSROOM CASE STUDIES. THE METHOD IS BASED ON A HYBRID APPROACH COMPOSED OF FIRST-HAND VIDEO-PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS, ISOVIST ANALYSIS AND PROXEMIC INFORMATION REGARDING DISTANCES. THE CONCLUSIONS SUGGEST THAT THE PROPORTION AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF A CLASSROOM HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT ON THE NUMBER OF PUPILS RECEIVING HIGH-QUALITY VISUAL INTERACTION WITH THE TEACHER. FINALLY, THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATING EXPERIENTIAL ANALYSIS IN THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS TO ENSURE THE QUALITY AND EQUALITY OF THE INTERACTION AMONG THE PROTAGONISTS OF THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS IS HIGHLIGHTED.

THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES UPDATED REFLECTIONS CONCERNING BOTH THE SOURCES OF ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE ARISING FROM A RESEARCH PROJECT CONDUCTED IN THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO AND THE SUBSEQUENT CREATION OF THE COURSE ON THE BASES OF ARCHITECTURE, DIRECTLY INFORMED BY THE PROJECT AND THE MAIN GOAL OF WHICH WAS TO INQUIRE ON THE ORIGINAL SOURCE OF ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE. PROMOTED BY THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL CORE IDEA THAT DICTATES THAT THE GENERATION OF ALL KNOWLEDGE PRESUMES THE EXISTENCE OF A STUDY OBJECT FROM WHERE SUCH KNOWLEDGE CAN BE EXTRACTED, THE ARTICLE FOCUSES ON THE FIRST CLASS CYCLE BASED ON A PROGRESSIVE PHENOMENOLOGY APPROACH TO THE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS THAT MAKE UP OUR SENSORY WORLD: THE MINERAL, VEGETAL, ANIMAL AND 'HUMANAL' KINGDOMS. THE WORK PROVIDES A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRADITION PREVALENT IN LEARNING BASED ON THE STUDY OF MODELS, REVEALS THE CURRENT UNDERLYING EPISTEMOLOGICAL UNCERTAINTY IN THE DISCIPLINE, AND OFFERS OPTIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY LINES OF RESEARCH. © 2019, UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE.

THIS PAPER OFFERS A FIRST-PERSON APPROACH TO THE PHENOMENON OF MASS UPRISING OF BARRICADES IN THE STREETS OF THE CITY OF CONCEPCION, CHILE, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 27, 2010, WHICH HIT MUCH OF THE CENTRAL REGION. REVISIT THE CAUSES AND REFLECTS ON THE URBAN PARADOXES IMPLIED THAT MOTIVATED THIS UNUSUAL SOCIAL FACT, THROUGH THE STORY OF THREE ARCHITECTS / PLANNERS THAT WITH THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE, STAGED IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CITY THE IMPROVISED QUICK DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE BARRICADES : THE FACT THAT HISTORICALLY HAS POINTED BUILT WHEN THE STREET SPACE CEASES TO EXIST AS A GROUP HOME SOCIAL BODY TO BECOME ABNORMAL AGGREGATION OF ATOMIZED URBAN SEGMENTS WHERE AT THE SAME TIME, PARADOXICALLY, THE COLLECTIVE LIFE OF NEIGHBORLY INTENSIFIES EQUALLY UNUSUAL. DOCUMENTA AS A UNIQUE URBAN STATE, THE PRODUCT OF A UNIQUE CIVIC STATE, OPENED WIDE A TIME WINDOW INTO A PAST THAT WILL NOT RETURN AND AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE, WHILE RAISING POWERFUL QUESTIONS ABOUT OUR URBAN PRESENT.

LA MATERIALIZACIÓN DE PROYECTOS CON FINES PEDAGÓGICOS TIENE UNA LARGA TRADICIÓN EN LAS ESCUELAS DE ARQUITECTURA. EN CHILE, ESTAS EXPERIENCIAS SE REMONTAN A LA CREACIÓN DE LA CIUDAD ABIERTA DE LA PUCV EN 1970 EN VALPARAÍSO. EL PRESENTE ARTÍCULO INTRODUCE LA EXPERIENCIA DEL TALLER DE BARRIOS IMPLEMENTADO EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO, FRUTO DE UNA ALIANZA TRIPARTITA ENTRE ACADEMIA, GOBIERNO REGIONAL Y SOCIEDAD CIVIL. EL OBJETIVO CENTRAL DE ESTA INICIATIVA CONSISTE EN DEVOLVERLE SENTIDO A LA FORMACIÓN DE ARQUITECTOS POR MEDIO DEL DESARROLLO DE VOCACIÓN DE SERVICIO EN EL ESTUDIANTE, PERTINENCIA PROYECTUAL EN EL PROCESO DE DISEÑO Y VINCULACIÓN BIDIRECCIONAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD CON EL MEDIO. EN ESTE CONTEXTO, PRESENTAMOS DOS EXPERIENCIAS DE MICROPROYECTOS: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN HUERTO VERTICAL EN EL CONTEXTO DE PROGRAMA DE MEJORA BARRIAL DEL BARRIO BELLAVISTA EN TOMÉ Y EL DESARROLLO DE CATORCE VARIACIONES DE UN PROTOTIPO DE RECINTO COMPLEMENTARIO CON FINES PRODUCTIVOS EN EL SECTOR AGROALFARERO DE QUINCHAMALÍ.

THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE REFLECTS ON CERTAIN CHANGES THAT THE CURRENT UNIVERSITY STRUCTURES AND POLICIES HAVE TRANSVERSELY CATALYSED IN ARCHITECTURE SCHOOLS. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF A DOCTORAL RESEARCH AND A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS CARRIED OUT IN CHILE AND SPAIN WITH ACADEMICS FROM VARIOUS SCHOOLS, IT REVEALS THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MAINLY PRACTICAL AND INTIMATE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATIVE PROCESS AND THAT ONE SHAPED BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL SPHERE. BOTH CONTEXTS DEFINE A SPECTRUM IN WHICH DISCIPLINARY TRAINING COMMUNITIES DEVELOP. FROM AN INTIMATE, QUALITATIVE APPROACH, WE DARE TO EXPLORE THE INEFFABLE UNIVERSITY SPIRIT ARISING IN ARCHITECTURE SCHOOLS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THIS SPECTRUM. THE AIM IS TO SET A STARTING POINT FOR AN INFORMED AND CONTEMPORARY REFLECTION ON THE EFFECTS OF THE ABSTRACT REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR THE DYNAMIC AND VITAL WORLD OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. THIS, IN TURN, SEEKS TO ENVISAGE THE POSSIBLE FUTURES IN TIMES OF CHANGE.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN INTERVENTION THAT SEEKS TO EXAMINE HOW CHANGES TO THE SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF TRADITIONAL CLASSROOMS AFFECT THE NUMBER OF PUPILS ABLE TO INTERACT WITH THE TEACHER, AS WELL AS THE QUALITY OF THIS INTERACTION. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ALLOWS FOR INVESTIGATION OF VARIATIONS BETWEEN A ?TRADITIONAL? AND NEW CLASSROOM SET-UPS. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON VISUAL RELATION AS WELL AS AUDITORY INTERACTION AND PUPIL MOVEMENT IN THE CLASSROOM. THEY ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF FOUR PRIMARY CLASSROOM SETTINGS IN URUGUAY. THE METHOD DERIVES FROM A HYBRID APPROACH USING PHOTOGRAPHIC AND VIDEO RECORDS, TEACHER?PUPIL DISTANCE INFORMATION AND INTERVIEWS WITH TEACHERS. THE CONCLUSIONS SHOW THAT ALTERATIONS TO THE SITTING LAYOUT AND PROPORTION OF THE CLASSROOM SPACE INCREASE THE NUMBER OF PUPILS IN INTERACTION WITH THE TEACHER. HOWEVER, IT ALSO SUGGESTS THAT OPTIMISING ONE VARIABLE IN THE STUDY COMPROMISES OTHER VARIABLES SUCH AS POSSIBILITIES OF MOVEMENT IN THE CLASSROOM. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF PUPILS IN QUALITY INTERACTION WITH THE TEACHER THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE CLASSROOM NEEDS TO BE GIVEN PROMINENCE. ULTIMATELY, THE REPLICATION OF THE METHOD ACROSS A WIDER VARIETY OF CLASSROOM TYPES COULD HELP TEACHERS IDENTIFY AREAS FOR EARLY INTERVENTION AND MICROMANAGEMENT OF CLASSROOMS AS WELL AS HELP NURTURE AND INFORM FUTURE DESIGN DECISIONS.

GARRETÓN S UNA TEORÍA CIBERNÉTICA DE LA CIUDAD Y SU SISTEMA (A CYBERNETIC THEORY OF THE CITY AND ITS SYSTEM) WAS PUBLISHED IN 1975 BY NUEVA VISIÓN PUBLISHING HOUSE IN BUENOS AIRES, A MOMENT WHEN THE SEMINAL CRITICISMS AGAINST THE MODERNIST URBAN THEORY OF THE SIXTIES LED BY TEAM 10 WERE BECOMING CONCRETE PROPOSALS FOR UPDATING AND EVENTUALLY OVERCOMING ITS SHORTCOMINGS. YET, DESPITE REMAINING UNPUBLISHED IN ENGLISH AND HENCE RELATIVELY UNKNOWN WORLDWIDE, FEW PUBLICATIONS IN THE FIELD COMPARE IN SCOPE TO GARRETON?S CYBERNETIC THEORY. THE REASON IS STRAIGHTFORWARD: LIKE SHANNON?S MATHEMATICAL THEORY, THIS WORK AMOUNTS TO A GENERAL THEORY OF THE CITY. THOROUGHLY INFORMED BY SYSTEM THINKING, WHOSE TRADEMARK RULE OF THUMB WAS DESCRIBED BY LUHMANN AS ?DRAWING DISTINCTIONS? TO GUARANTEE THE AUTOPOIESIS OF A DETERMINED SYSTEM, GARRETÓN?S CHIEF OBJECTIVE WAS TO DRAW DISTINCTIONS THAT WOULD GUARANTEE THE AUTOPOIESIS OF THE URBAN SYSTEM. IN DOING SO, HE DISCOVERED THREE FUNDAMENTAL URBAN LAWS, NAMELY: THE LAW OF URBAN COMMUNICATION, THE LAW OF URBAN ATTRACTION, AND THE LAW OF URBAN CIRCULATION. THIS, IN TURN, ALLOWED HIM TO CLEARLY DISTINGUISH A UNIVERSE THAT HAD THUS FAR REMAINED UNDETECTED BY URBANISTS AND THAT HE CALLED THE NON-CITY UNIVERSE: THE HUMAN-MADE UNIVERSE THAT NEVERTHELESS DOES NOT BELONG IN THE URBAN UNIVERSE. THIS PAPER ARGUES THAT THIS ALLOWED HIM TO REDISCOVER AND UPDATE THE ANCIENT AND LOST ART OF CITY-MAKING: NOT AN ART OF MAKING BUILDINGS, ROADS, AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN GENERAL BUT RATHER, THE ART OF BUILDING, KNITTING, FOSTERING, AND SUSTAINING COMMUNITIES AND WHOLE SOCIETIES BY MEANS OF OR WITH THE AID OF BUILDINGS.

THIS ESSAY OFFERS THE FIRST GRAPHIC ARGUMENTS AS A PROLOGUE TO IDENTIFY A WEAK: A NEOLOGISM PROPOSED TO CLASSIFY A MOMENT IN THE BIOBIO RIVER DELTA THAT THE AUTHORS SEE AS THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTITHESIS TO THE MILITARY FORTIFICATIONS THAT HAVE HISTORICALLY CATEGORIZED THIS BODY OF WATER AS A BORDER, A WORD THAT HAS BEEN ROOTED IN THE CHILEAN COLONIAL NATIONAL IMAGINARY FUNDAMENTAL TO OUR IDENTITY. METHODOLOGICALLY, THE AUTHORS USE GRAPHICS TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBILITIES OF A PHOTOGRAPHIC DISARTICULATION OF THIS SPACE, AND THE CREATION OF ALTERNATIVE IMAGINARIES WITH THE AID OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, GIVING WAY TO A NEW

GOETHE ? FATHER OF PROTOPHENOMENOLOGY, PHENOMENOLOGY?S MISSING LINK AND TUTELARY GENIUS OF THIS RESEARCH? BELIEVED THAT ?HYPOTHESES ARE LULLABIES WITH WHICH THE TEACHER SOOTHES HIS PUPILS TO SLEEP?. (DEL SOLAR, 1993). INDEED, FOR GOETHE THE KEY ISSUE IN SCIENCE WAS ALWAYS, ABOVE ALL, THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REVERENT AND CONTEMPLATIVE RELATIONSHIP WITH A CLEARLY DIFFERENTIATED OBJECT OF STUDY. TAKING THIS ROUTE ? WHICH AS WELL AS ELIMINATING ALL SPECULATION TURNS THE HYPOTHESIS INTO A RELATIVELY REDUNDANT RESEARCH TOOL ? GOETHE INAUGURATED THE SCIENCE OF PRIMORDIAL PHENOMENA OR PROTOPHENOMENA, AN ACHIEVEMENT THE PROFOUND CONSEQUENCES OF WHICH ARE ONLY RECENTLY BEING FULLY AND OBJECTIVELY ASSESSED BY THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC ESTABLISHMENT.

SÍNTESIS DE LAS CONCLUSIONES DE UNA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE EL IMPACTO DE LOS SISTEMAS UNIVERSITARIOS PÚBLICOS (RAÍZ EUROPEA) Y NEOLIBERALES (RAÍZ NORTEAMERICANA) EN LAS ESCUELAS Y ENSEÑANZA DE LA ARQUITECTURA DE ESPAÑA Y CHILE, EJEMPLOS SINGULARES DE CADA MODELO, CON EL FIN DE AVERIGUAR SI EL MARCO INSTITUCIONAL EN QUE SE FORMA A LOS ARQUITECTOS ES UN SOPORTE O UN CORSÉ ACADÉMICO: UN INSTRUMENTO QUE FOMENTA LA INNOVACIÓN DISCIPLINAR O UN LASTRE QUE LLEVA A LA REPETICIÓN DE RUTINAS ASENTADAS E IMPIDE ADECUARSE A LAS NUEVAS ÁREAS Y REQUERIMIENTOS PROFESIONALES. EL ESTUDIO SE BASÓ EN ENTREVISTAS A PROFESORES Y DIRECTORES DE ESCUELAS: 24 ESPAÑOLES Y 20 CHILENOS. LOS RESULTADOS MUESTRAN IMPACTOS IMPORTANTES EN CUATROS ASPECTOS CLAVES: CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LAS ESCUELAS, DEFINICIÓN DE LOS PERFILES DE ESTUDIANTES Y PROFESORES Y REDACCIÓN DE PLANES DE ESTUDIO.

LA FORMACIÓN DE ARQUITECTOS HOY SE CARACTERIZA POR UNA DESCONEXIÓN RADICAL ENTREB CONTEXTO ACADÉMICO Y OFICIO. UN GRUPO DE DOCENTES DE LA ESCUELA DE ARQUITECTURA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO GESTARON EL TALLER DE BARRIO, UNA INICIATIVA DE INNOVACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA CUYO OBJETIVO CENTRAL ES DEVOLVER SENTIDO PRÁCTICO Y DE SERVICIO A LA FORMACIÓN DE ARQUITECTOS. ESTO, A TRAVÉS DE LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UNA ESTRATEGIA DE VINCULACIÓN MULTIDIRECCIONAL CON EL MEDIO BASADA EN EL PRINCIPIO DE ALIANZA TRIPARTITA. ESTO PERMITE CONECTAR CAPACIDADES Y NECESIDADES ACADÉMICAS CON CAPACIDADES Y NECESIDADES INSTITUCIONALES Y SOCIALES. COMO RESULTADO, LA ACADEMIA LOGRA ENTRAR EN UN PROCESO DE DIÁLOGO HORIZONTAL CON LA ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA Y LA SOCIEDAD CIVIL. LA METODOLOGÍA SE INSERTA LA TRADICIÓN DE TALLERES VERTICALES. SE OFRECE UNA RECAPITULACIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA ESCUELA Y SE INTRODUCE LA NOCIÓN DE ALIANZA TRIPARTITA CONTEXTUALIZANDO SU IMPLEMENTACIÓN EN EL CONTEXTO DEL TALLER DE BARRIO.

LA BIFURCACIÓN Y EVENTUAL DESVINCULACIÓN ENTRE ACADEMIA Y PRAXIS HA SIDO UNA DE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS MÁS DISCUTIDAS EN TORNO A LA FORMACIÓN DE ARQUITECTOS/AS EN LOS ALBORES DEL SIGLO XXI. EN CHILE DETECTAMOS DOS NICHOS DE RESISTENCIA: LA ESCUELA DE ARQUITECTURA DE LA PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE VALPARAÍSO Y MÁS RECIENTEMENTE, LA ESCUELA DE ARQUITECTURA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE TALCA. EN ESTE CONTEXTO, UN GRUPO DE DOCENTES DE LA ESCUELA DE ARQUITECTURA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL BÍO-BÍO CREAN EL TALLER DE BARRIO, INICIATIVA DE INNOVACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA CUYO OBJETIVO PRIMORDIAL ES DEVOLVERLE SENTIDO SOCIAL/PRÁCTICO A LA FORMACIÓN DE ARQUITECTOS. SE BASA EN EL PRINCIPIO DE ALIANZAS TRIPARTITAS, LO QUE PERMITE HABLAR DE VÍNCULO MULTIDIRECCIONAL CON EL MEDIO. EL PROTOTIPO DE TALLER DE OFICIO PARA ARTESANOS DE QUINCHAMALÍ ES FRUTO DIRECTO Y REPRESENTATIVO DE ESTAS ALIANZAS.

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF SCALING GOOD PRACTICES AND THEIR REPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY TO FACE GLOBAL WARMING. BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PRACTICES ORIGINATE IN INFORMAL URBAN CONTEXTS? SHOULD THEY BE REPLICATED, AMPLIFIED AND FORMALIZED? WE EXPLORE THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CONTRADICTIONS THAT EMERGE IN SCALING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN INFORMAL SETTINGS. FOR FOUR YEARS, WE DOCUMENTED 24 LOCAL INITIATIVES AND THE WORK OF LEADERS IN LATIN AMERICA. RESULTS SHOW THAT IMPACT DEPENDS ON INTERMEDIARIES, TRUST, DIALOGUE AND A DELICATE BALANCE BETWEEN CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES AND DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INVOLVEMENT BY EXTERNALS. TO SUCCEED, INITIATIVES MUST ADDRESS ?THE PROBLEM OF DOING MORE.?

THE COURSE FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHITECTURE CONSISTS OF A PHENOMENOLOGICAL/EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH, THROUGH DRAWING, TO THE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS THAT MAKE UP OUR SENSORY WORLD: MINERAL, VEGETAL, ANIMAL AND WHAT WE?FOLLOWING JUAN BORCHERS?CALL ?HUMANAL? KINGDOM. ATTEMPTING TO PERCEIVE WHAT SURROUND US WITHOUT PREJUDGMENTS ALLOWS THE EXERCISE TO GUIDE THE STUDENTS REFLECTIONS FROM THE BEGINNING TOWARDS AWARENESS OF THE FACT THAT ARCHITECTURE IS NOT GIVEN (NATURE) BUT RATHER, A MAN MADE OBJECT (SOCIAL). IN DOING SO, IT REVEALS HUMAN ACTS TO BE THE ARCHITECT?S OBJECT OF STUDY AND OBSERVATION ITSELF AS A FIRST MEANS OF APPROXIMATION TO IT.